Beatles Abbey Road Gold Card Trading Paul McCartney CCG Games Studios Old Iconic • £0.01 (2025)

Beatles Abbey Road Gold Card Trading Paul McCartney CCG Games Studios Old Iconic 1 of 3Only 1 left — 10 watchers Beatles Abbey Road Gold Card Trading Paul McCartney CCG Games Studios Old Iconic 2 2 of 3 Beatles Abbey Road Gold Card Trading Paul McCartney CCG Games Studios Old Iconic 3 3 of 3

See More

Seller: anddownthewaterfall ✉️ (35,492) 99.8%, Location: Manchester, GB, Ships to: WORLDWIDE, Item: 316493582415 Beatles Abbey Road Gold Card Trading Paul McCartney CCG Games Studios Old Iconic. That’s actually a Docklands Light Railway station in East London, miles away! In fact, the last session to see John, Paul, George and Ringo in the studio together was on 20 August 1969. Secondly, the area was redeveloped in 1972 to make way for the Alexandra and Ainsworth housing estate, which opened in 1978. The Beatles Abbey Road Gold Card This is Limited Edition Numbered Gold Layered Card of the iconic Abbey Road Album Cover by The Beatles It has the four Beatles crossing the road on the famous Zebra Crossing outside the Abbey Road Studios The back has the list of songs on the album Celebrate the timeless music of The Beatles with this classic Abbey Road Gold Card. A true gem for collectors and fans alike, this piece captures the essence of the iconic band that changed the face of music. Originating from the United Kingdom, it serves as a testament to the enduring legacy of the Beatles' contribution to rock 'n' roll and retro music culture. Featuring the beloved members of the Beatles, this card is a must-have for enthusiasts of music history. It stands as an authentic piece of memorabilia from the era, resonating with the spirit of the 60s. Add this Beatles Abbey Road Gold Card to your collection and own a piece of music history. It is Made of Metal and the Dimensions are 9cm x 7cm and it weights 50 grams In Excellent Condition A Beautiful coin and Magnificent Keepsake Souvenir of anyone who love The Beatles Like all my items bidding starts at 1p with No Reserve! Bid now and try to Grab a Bargain! Sorry about the poor-quality photos. They don't do the card justice which looks a lot better in real life Take a L@@K at my other Beatles Items >>> CLICK HERE TO VISIT MY SHOP Bid with Confidence - Check My 100% Positive Feedback from over 35,000 Satisfied Customers Be sure to add me to your favourites list ! Most of My Auctions Start at a Penny and I always combine postage so please check out my other items ! I Specialise in Unique Fun Items So For that Interesting Conversational Piece, A Birthday Present, Christmas Gift, A Comical Item to Cheer Someone Up or That Unique Perfect Gift for the Person Who has Everything....You Know Where to Look for a Bargain! ### PLEASE DO NOT CLICK HERE ### Be sure to add me to your favourites list ! If You Have any Questions Please Message me thru ebay I Will Reply ASAP All Items Dispatched within 24 hours of Receiving Payment. Thanks for Looking and Best of Luck with the Bidding!! have sold items to coutries such as Afghanistan * Albania * Algeria * American Samoa (US) * Andorra * Angola * Anguilla (GB) * Antigua and Barbuda * Argentina * Armenia * Aruba (NL) * Australia * Austria * Azerbaijan * Bahamas * Bahrain * Bangladesh * Barbados * Belarus * Belgium * Belize * Benin * Bermuda (GB) * Bhutan * Bolivia * Bonaire (NL) * Bosnia and Herzegovina * Botswana * Bouvet Island (NO) * Brazil * British Indian Ocean Territory (GB) * British Virgin Islands (GB) * Brunei * Bulgaria * Burkina Faso * Burundi * Cambodia * Cameroon * Canada * Cape Verde * Cayman Islands (GB) * Central African Republic * Chad * Chile * China * Christmas Island (AU) * Cocos Islands (AU) * Colombia * Comoros * Congo * Democratic Republic of the Congo * Cook Islands (NZ) * Coral Sea Islands Territory (AU) * Costa Rica * Croatia * Cuba * Curaçao (NL) * Cyprus * Czech Republic * Denmark * Djibouti * Dominica * Dominican Republic * East Timor * Ecuador * Egypt * El Salvador * Equatorial Guinea * Eritrea * Estonia * Ethiopia * Falkland Islands (GB) * Faroe Islands (DK) * Fiji Islands * Finland * France * French Guiana (FR) * French Polynesia (FR) * French Southern Lands (FR) * Gabon * Gambia * Georgia * Germany * Ghana * Gibraltar (GB) * Greece * Greenland (DK) * Grenada * Guadeloupe (FR) * Guam (US) * Guatemala * Guernsey (GB) * Guinea * Guinea-Bissau * Guyana * Haiti * Heard and McDonald Islands (AU) * Honduras * Hong Kong (CN) * Hungary * Iceland * India * Indonesia * Iran * Iraq * Ireland * Isle of Man (GB) * Israel * Italy * Ivory Coast * Jamaica * Jan Mayen (NO) * Japan * Jersey (GB) * Jordan * Kazakhstan * Kenya * Kiribati * Kosovo * Kuwait * Kyrgyzstan * Laos * Latvia * Lebanon * Lesotho * Liberia * Libya * Liechtenstein * Lithuania * Luxembourg * Macau (CN) * Macedonia * Madagascar * Malawi * Malaysia * Maldives * Mali * Malta * Marshall Islands * Martinique (FR) * Mauritania * Mauritius * Mayotte (FR) * Mexico * Micronesia * Moldova * Monaco * Mongolia * Montenegro * Montserrat (GB) * Morocco * Mozambique * Myanmar * Namibia * Nauru * Navassa (US) * Nepal * Netherlands * New Caledonia (FR) * New Zealand * Nicaragua * Niger * Nigeria * Niue (NZ) * Norfolk Island (AU) * North Korea * Northern Cyprus * Northern Mariana Islands (US) * Norway * Oman * Pakistan * Palau * Palestinian Authority * Panama * Papua New Guinea * Paraguay * Peru * Philippines * Pitcairn Island (GB) * Poland * Portugal * Puerto Rico (US) * Qatar * Reunion (FR) * Romania * Russia * Rwanda * Saba (NL) * Saint Barthelemy (FR) * Saint Helena (GB) * Saint Kitts and Nevis * Saint Lucia * Saint Martin (FR) * Saint Pierre and Miquelon (FR) * Saint Vincent and the Grenadines * Samoa * San Marino * Sao Tome and Principe * Saudi Arabia * Senegal * Serbia * Seychelles * Sierra Leone * Singapore * Sint Eustatius (NL) * Sint Maarten (NL) * Slovakia * Slovenia * Solomon Islands * Somalia * South Africa * South Georgia (GB) * South Korea * South Sudan * Spain * Sri Lanka * Sudan * Suriname * Svalbard (NO) * Swaziland * Sweden * Switzerland * Syria * Taiwan * Tajikistan * Tanzania * Thailand * Togo * Tokelau (NZ) * Tonga * Trinidad and Tobago * Tunisia * Turkey * Turkmenistan * Turks and Caicos Islands (GB) * Tuvalu * U.S. Minor Pacific Islands (US) * U.S. Virgin Islands (US) * Uganda * Ukraine * United Arab Emirates * United Kingdom * United States * Uruguay * Uzbekistan * Vanuatu * Vatican City * Venezuela * Vietnam * Wallis and Futuna (FR) * Yemen * Zambia * Zimbabwe and major cities such as Tokyo, Yokohama, New York City, Sao Paulo, Seoul, Mexico City, Osaka, Kobe, Kyoto, Manila, Mumbai, Delhi, Jakarta, Lagos, Kolkata, Cairo, Los Angeles, Buenos Aires, Rio de Janeiro, Moscow, Shanghai, Karachi, Paris, Istanbul, Nagoya, Beijing, Chicago, London, Shenzhen, Essen, Düsseldorf, Tehran, Bogota, Lima, Bangkok, Johannesburg, East Rand, Chennai, Taipei, Baghdad, Santiago, Bangalore, Hyderabad, St Petersburg, Philadelphia, Lahore, Kinshasa, Miami, Ho Chi Minh City, Madrid, Tianjin, Kuala Lumpur, Toronto, Milan, Shenyang, Dallas, Fort Worth, Boston, Belo Horizonte, Khartoum, Riyadh, Singapore, Washington, Detroit, Barcelona,, Houston, Athens, Berlin, Sydney, Atlanta, Guadalajara, San Francisco, Oakland, Montreal, Monterey, Melbourne, Ankara, Recife, Phoenix/Mesa, Durban, Porto Alegre, Dalian, Jeddah, Seattle, Cape Town, San Diego, Fortaleza, Curitiba, Rome, Naples, Minneapolis, St. Paul, Tel Aviv, Birmingham, Frankfurt, Lisbon, Manchester, San Juan, Katowice, Tashkent, Fukuoka, Baku, Sumqayit, St. Louis, Baltimore, Sapporo, Tampa, St. Petersburg, Taichung, Warsaw, Denver, Cologne, Bonn, Hamburg, Dubai, Pretoria, Vancouver, Beirut, Budapest, Cleveland, Pittsburgh, Campinas, Harare, Brasilia, Kuwait, Munich, Portland, Brussels, Vienna, San Jose, Damman , Copenhagen, Brisbane, Riverside, San Bernardino, Cincinnati and Accra The story behind The Beatles’ Abbey Road album cover 26 September 2024, 19:00 The Beatles - Abbey Road album cover: photo by Iain Macmillan, design by John Kosh The Beatles - Abbey Road album cover: photo by Iain Macmillan, design by John Kosh. Picture: Alamy Facebook share One of the most famous photographs of all time was shot in August 1969. Here's the story behind the Abbey Road album cover. By Martin O'Gorman Listen to this article Abbey Road was the final album The Beatles recorded and it was issued on Friday 26th September 1969 with a genuinely iconic cover photo. It pictures the four men - George Harrison, Paul McCartney, Ringo Starr and John Lennon - striding along a zebra crossing situated on Abbey Road, outside EMI studios in London, where the band had spent the majority of their ground-breaking recording career. The LP and its memorable cover put the location on the map - previously known as plain old EMI studios, the building became known as Abbey Road Studios in light of this landmark album. Millions of people have made the pilgrimage to the crossing to have their photo taken and to pay their respects to the genius of the Fab Four and dozens of artists have parodied the sleeve, from The Simpsons to the Red Hot Chili Peppers. The famous Abbey Road crossing in St John's Wood, London. The famous Abbey Road crossing in St John's Wood, London. Picture: Alamy And it was all shot in a few hurried minutes on Friday 8th August 1969... On that day John, George and Ringo were working on I Want You (She’s So Heavy) and The End inside the studio, while Macca worked on Oh! Darling, but before they set to business, they stepped outside of Number 3 Abbey Road to be photographed for the cover. Here are a few facts about that summer day in 1969 that you may not have heard before… Where is the Abbey Road crossing exactly? Before The Beatles came along, Abbey Road’s main claim to fame was being a stone’s throw from the location of Lord’s cricket ground. The crossing is situated at the southern-most point of Abbey Road, at the junction with Grove End Road, in the St John’s Wood area of North West London. The postcode for Abbey Road studios is NW8 9AY - if you go looking for the crossing near the Abbey Road station on the London Underground map, you’d be way off. That’s actually a Docklands Light Railway station in East London, miles away! The front of Abbey Road Studios in London. The front of Abbey Road Studios in London. Picture: Alamy The album wasn’t going to be called Abbey Road at all As the sessions for the album came to an end, the four Beatles discussed a title for the record. One idea was to call it “Everest” after the cigarettes that engineer Geoff Emerick smoked during the sessions. When a plan was floated to take a cover photo in the foothills of the Himalayas to illustrate the title, the band went off the idea and instead went with the easiest plan possible - have the picture taken outside the studio and call it Abbey Road! For the only time in their career, The Beatles presented the world with an album cover that didn’t feature their name, or the title of the LP at all. Designer John Kosh claimed that EMI bosses were furious, but argued: “The biggest band in the world, you don’t have to say who they are - everyone knows who they are.” John Kosh Documentary Excerpt - Abbey Road The four Beatles are pictured walking AWAY from the studio The Beatles’ Let It Be album was released in May 1970, but the material had been recorded over a year earlier, meaning that Abbey Road was the last set of material to be produced by all four Beatles. In fact, the last session to see John, Paul, George and Ringo in the studio together was on 20 August 1969. The zebra crossing at Abbey Road, London in 2017 The zebra crossing at Abbey Road, London in 2017. Picture: Alamy It’s significant, then, that the photo chosen for the cover shows the four walking across the road with Abbey Road studios behind them - it’s the white building on the left of the picture. Lennon leads the group - which is also significant as he was the first member to permanently quit The Beatles. Booker T and The MGs do their own version of the photo for their cover version of the Abbey Road album, McLemore Avenue in 1970 Booker T and The MGs do their own version of the photo for their cover version of the Abbey Road album, McLemore Avenue in 1970. Picture: Alamy Only six photos were taken by photographer Iain Macmillan Road traffic wasn’t the same 50 years ago, but Abbey Road was still a busy thoroughfare, which meant that photographer Iain Macmillan only had a short time to get his shot on his Hasselblad camera. A policeman halted the traffic as Macmillan climbed up a stepladder in the middle of the road. The Fab Four crossed the road back and forth three times as Macmillan fired off a shot each time. Paul McCartney looked at the contact sheet and it was decided that frame five was the best, with all four musicians marching boldly across the road. The back cover photo is taken at the other end of Abbey Road Anyone looking for the street sign that’s pictured on the back cover of Abbey Road will have a tough job. First of all, Beatles scholars Piet Schreuders, Mark Lewisohn and Adam Smith worked out that the location of the sign was at the OTHER end of the road, at the junction of Abbey Road and Alexandra Road, near to South Hampstead station. Secondly, the area was redeveloped in 1972 to make way for the Alexandra and Ainsworth housing estate, which opened in 1978. One of the few remaining original "Abbey Road" signs pictured 1998 One of the few remaining original "Abbey Road" signs pictured 1998. Picture: Brian Rasic/Getty Images Why is Paul McCartney barefoot on the cover of Abbey Road by The Beatles? According to designer John Kosh, “The reason he kicked his shoes off was because they were too tight”. 8 August 1969 was a particularly sunny day and Macca lived around the corner in St John’s Wood, so he strolled around to the studios wearing sandals. For a classic McCartney prank, he crossed the road a couple of times without the footwear - it had nothing to do with being a “clue” that Paul McCartney had died (see below). The Abbey Road billboard on Sunset Strip, LA, December1969 The Abbey Road billboard on Sunset Strip, LA, December1969. Picture: Robert Landau/Corbis via Getty Images What are the “Paul Is Dead” clues on the cover of Abbey Road? In late 1969 a crazy conspiracy theory started doing the rounds that Paul McCartney had in actual fact been killed in a car accident in 1966, and had been replaced by a lookalike. Apart from Paul being out of step with his bandmates and walking barefoot, there were other “clues” on the sleeve that the Beatles had “planted” to get the message across to their fans. The white Volkswagen Beetles that bears a number plate saying “28IF” - Paul would have been 28 IF he’d had survived (he’d actually just turned 27); the police van on the cover is usually seen at traffic fatalities; and the four Beatles represent a funeral procession: George is the gravedigger, Paul is the corpse, Ringo is the congregation and John is the priest. McCartney parodied the whole affair in the title and album artwork for his 1993 concert album Paul Is Live. Paul McCartney's Paul Is Live album (1993) Paul McCartney's Paul Is Live album (1993). Picture: Press Three of the Beatles are wearing designer suits John Lennon, Paul McCartney and Ringo Starr are all wearing suits by the Welsh designer Tommy Nutter. George, however, was always his own man and rocked up that day in double denim. Nutter went on to design Jack Nicholson’s suit when he played The Joker in the 1989 Tim Burton version of Batman. Tommy Nutter in his shop in November 1969 Tommy Nutter in his shop in November 1969. Picture: Jones/Evening Standard/Getty Images It wasn’t The Beatles’ final photo shoot Despite Abbey Road being the last time The Beatles were in the studio together, the album cover shoot wasn’t the last piece of pictorial Beatle business. The four got together two weeks later, on Friday 22 August 1969 at John’s house at Tittenhurst Park in Ascot, Berkshire for one last photo shoot. Joining them on the day were Yoko Ono and Linda McCartney. One of the pictures was later used on the cover of the Hey Jude compilation LP. Collectible card game Article Talk Read Edit View history Tools From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Assorted CCG cards A collectible card game (CCG), also called a trading card game (TCG) among other names,[note 1] is a type of card game that mixes strategic deck building elements with features of trading cards.[2] It was introduced with Magic: The Gathering in 1993. Cards in CCGs are specially designed sets of playing cards. Each card represents an element of the theme and rules of the game, and each can fall in categories such as creatures, enhancements, events, resources, and locations.[3] All cards within the CCG typically share the same common backside art, while the front has a combination of proprietary artwork or images to embellish the card along with instructions for the game and flavor text.[4] CCGs are typically themed around fantasy or science fiction genres, and have also included horror themes, cartoons, and sports, and may include licensed intellectual properties.[3] Generally, a player will begin playing a CCG with a pre-made starter deck, then later customize their deck with cards they acquire from semi-random booster packs or trade with other players.[5] As a player obtains more cards, they may create new decks from scratch using the cards in their collection. Players choose what cards to add to their decks based on a particular strategy while also staying within the limits of the rule set. Games are commonly played between two players, though multiplayer formats are also common. Gameplay in CCG is typically turn-based, with each player starting with a shuffled deck, then drawing and playing cards in turn to achieve a win condition before their opponent, often by scoring points or reducing their opponent's hit points.[3] Dice, counters, card sleeves, or play mats may be used to complement gameplay.[3] Players compete for prizes at tournaments.[4] Expansion sets are used to extend CCGs, introducing new gameplay strategies and narrative lore through new cards in starter decks and booster packs,[4] that may also lead to the development of theme decks. Successful CCGs typically have thousands of unique cards through multiple expansions. Magic: The Gathering initially launched with 300 unique cards[6] and currently has more than 22,000 as of March 2020.[7] The first CCG, Magic: The Gathering, was developed by Richard Garfield and published by Wizards of the Coast in 1993 and its initial runs rapidly sold out that year.[3] By the end of 1994, Magic: The Gathering had sold over 1 billion cards,[8] and during its most popular period, between 2008 and 2016, it sold over 20 billion cards.[9] Magic: The Gathering's early success led other game publishers to follow suit with their own CCGs in the following years.[3] Other successful CCGs include Yu-Gi-Oh![10] which is estimated to have sold about 35 billion cards as of January 2021,[11] and Pokémon which has sold over 64 billion cards as of March 2024.[12] Other notable CCGs have come and gone, including Legend of the Five Rings, Star Wars, Lord of the Rings, Vampire: The Eternal Struggle, and World of Warcraft. Many other CCGs were produced but had little or no commercial success.[13] Recently, digital collectible card games (DCCGs) have gained popularity, spurred by the success of online versions of CCGs like Magic: The Gathering Online, and wholly digital CCGs like Hearthstone.[14] CCGs have further influenced other card game genres, including deck-building games like Dominion, and "Living card games" developed by Fantasy Flight Games. Characteristics A collectible card game (CCG) is generally defined as a game where players acquire cards into a personal collection from which they create customized decks of cards and challenge other players in matches. Players usually start by purchasing a starter deck that is ready to play, but additional cards are obtained from randomized booster packs or by trading with other players.[15] The goal of most CCGs is to beat one's opponent by crafting customized decks that play to synergies of card combinations. Refined decks will try to account for randomness created by the initial shuffling of the deck, as well as the opponent's actions, by using complementary and preferably efficient cards. The exact definition of what makes a CCG is varied, as many games are marketed under the "collectible card game" moniker. The basic definition requires the game to resemble trading cards in shape and function, be mass-produced for trading and/or collectibility, and have rules for strategic gameplay.[16][17] The definition of CCGs is further refined as being a card game in which the player uses their own deck with cards primarily sold in random assortments. If every card in the game can be obtained by making a small number of purchases, or if the manufacturer does not market it as a CCG, then it is not a CCG.[18] CCGs can further be designated as living or dead games. Dead games are those CCGs that are no longer supported by their manufacturers and have ceased releasing expansions. Living games are those CCGs that continue to be published by their manufacturers. Usually, this means that new expansions are being created for the game and official game tournaments are occurring in some fashion.[18][19]: 17–18 Gameplay mechanics Players engaged in a game of Magic: The Gathering with sleeved cards Each game has a fundamental set of rules that describes the players' objectives, the categories of cards used in the game, and the basic rules by which the cards interact. Each card will have additional text explaining that specific card's effect on the game. Many games utilize a set of keywords to simplify the card text, with keywords referring to common gameplay rules. For example, Magic: The Gathering has about 25 common keywords such as "flying", meaning the creature can only be blocked by other creatures with flying. Each card also generally represents some specific element derived from the game's genre, setting, or source material. The cards are illustrated and named for these source elements, and the card's game function may relate to the subject. For example, Magic: The Gathering is based on the fantasy genre, so many of the cards represent creatures and magical spells from that setting. In the game, a dragon is illustrated as a reptilian beast, has higher stats than smaller creatures, and has the aforementioned "flying" keyword. Flavor text on cards is frequently used to provide a narrative for story-driven games or sometimes as humorous asides. The bulk of games are designed around a resource system by which the pace of each game is controlled. Frequently, the cards which constitute a player's deck are considered a resource, and the frequency of cards moving from the deck to the play area or the player's hand is tightly controlled. Relative card strength is often balanced by the number or type of resources needed in order to play the card, and pacing after that may be determined by the flow of cards moving in and out of play. Resources may be specific cards themselves or represented by other means (for example, tokens in various resource pools, symbols on cards, etc.). Unlike traditional card games such as poker or crazy eights in which a deck's content is limited and pre-determined, players select which cards will compose their deck from any available cards printed for the game. This allows a player to strategically customize their deck to take advantage of favorable card interactions, combinations, and statistics. While a player's deck can theoretically be of any size, a deck of forty-five or sixty cards is considered[by whom?] the optimal size, for reasons of playability, and has been adopted by most collectible card games as an arbitrary 'standard' deck size. Deck construction may also be controlled by the game's rules. Some games, such as Magic: the Gathering, limit how many copies of a particular card can be included in a deck; such limits force players to think creatively when choosing cards and deciding on a playing strategy. Cards come in several broad categories. Common categories, in addition to the aforementioned resource cards, include creatures that are summoned into battle who attack the opposing player and block their creatures' attacks; enchantments that buff or debuff these creatures' attributes and abilities; events, such as magic spells, that may have an immediate or ongoing resolution to one or more cards in play; and locations or story cards that present specific conditions impacting all actions.[3] Each match is generally one-on-one, but many games have variants for more players. Typically, the goal of a match is to play cards that reduce the opponent's life total to zero before the opponent can do the same. Some games provide for a match to end if a player has no more cards to draw in their deck. After determining which player goes first by coin flip or other means, players start by shuffling their decks and drawing an initial hand. Many games allow for a player to take a mulligan if they believe their starting hand is not good. Players then take turns. While the turn format is different depending on the game, typically it is broken into distinct phases, and all of their resources are reset so they may be used that turn. Players draw a card, play any number of cards by drawing from available resources, and make one or more attacks on their opponent. If necessary, there may be a cleanup step, including discarding cards to reach a maximum hand size. Many games have rules enabling opposing players to react to the current player's turn; for example, a player may cast a counter-spell to cancel an opponent's spell. Games with such reaction systems typically define rules to determine the priority of reactions to avoid potential conflicts between card interpretations. Other games do not have such direct reaction systems but allow players to cast face-down cards or "traps" that automatically trigger based on the actions of the opposing player. Distribution Specific game cards are most often produced in various degrees of scarcity, generally denoted as fixed (F), common (C), uncommon (U), and rare (R). Some games use alternate or additional designations for the relative rarity levels, such as super-, ultra-, mythic- or exclusive rares. Special cards may also only be available through promotions, events, purchase of related material, or redemption programs. The idea of rarity borrows somewhat from other types of collectible cards, such as baseball cards, but in CCGs, the level of rarity also denotes the significance of a card's effect in the game, i.e., the more powerful a card is in terms of the game, the greater its rarity.[20] A powerful card whose effects were underestimated by the game's designers may increase in rarity in later reprints. Such a card might even be removed entirely from the next edition, to further limit its availability and its effect on gameplay. A cardboard booster pack for the Moekana educational card game, containing nine additional cards Most collectible card games are distributed as sealed packs containing a subset of the available cards, much like trading cards. The most common distribution methods are: Booster packs — The most common distribution method. Booster packs for CCGs usually contain 8 to 15 randomly packaged cards, usually with an assured number of cards of specific rarities.[5] Starter deck – An introductory deck that contains enough cards for one player. It may contain a random or a pre-determined selection of cards. Starter set – An introductory product that contains enough cards for two players. The card selection is usually pre-determined and non-random. Theme deck or Tournament deck – Most CCGs are designed with opposing factions, themes, or strategies. A theme deck is composed of pre-determined cards that fit these motifs. Because of the rarity distribution of cards, many popular CCGs have a secondary marketplace, with players buying and selling cards based on perceived value. Many purchases are made to acquire rarer cards to help build competitive decks, while others are just for collection purposes. In some cases, early cards in a CCGs run or which have been banned from play can become of high value to collectors, such as Magic: The Gathering's Power Nine.[3] Similar games There are similar games, usually inspired by CCGs, that should not be mistaken for CCGs: Collectible Common-Deck Card Games - Games such as Munchkin in which players share a common deck from which to draw, expandable through fixed-content expansions and boosters, rather than their own personal deck. Consequently, no customization of decks, trading, or metagaming occurs, and there is little interest in collection of the cards.[18][better source needed][original research?] Deck-building games - Games such as Dominion in which construction of the player's deck throughout the game is the main focus. Deck-building games ship with all the cards required to play and may offer expansions with fixed contents to add more variety to play.[21] Dominion, the first such deck-building game, was directly inspired by Magic: The Gathering and thus has similar concepts.[22] Non-Collectible Customizable Card Games, also known as Expandable Card Game (ECG) or Living Card Games (LCGs) - Games such as Android: Netrunner or The Lord of the Rings: The Card Game for which each player selects one of the multiple pre-made decks packaged with the game, eliminating randomness while acquiring the cards. However, after more non-random expansion packs are purchased, players can customize their decks according to certain deckbuilding rules, allowing for much exploration of the game's themes and mechanics..[19] Some games of this type allow the game to be expanded with additional pre-made decks.[23] "Living Card Game" is a registered trademark of Fantasy Flight Games who are generally associated as the main publisher of these types of games. LCGs do not use the randomized booster packs like CCGs and instead are bought in a single purchase or fixed-set expansions,[24] and are generally marketed for costing much less than collectibles.[25] Many CCGs have also been remade into digital collectible card games (DCCGs), taking advantage of the ubiquity of the Internet for online play as well as for the potential of computerized opponents. DCCGs can exist as online counterparts of existing CCGs, such as Magic: The Gathering Online for Magic: the Gathering, as wholly original card games that take advantage of the digital space, such as Hearthstone, or in many other forms.[3] History Early history (Pre-1990s) Further information: Trading card and board game Allegheny's prototype of The Baseball Card Game from 1904, a precursor to the CCG that was never released Regular card games have been around since at least the 1300s. The Base Ball Card Game, a prototype from 1904, is a notable precursor to CCGs because it had a few similar qualities but it never saw production to qualify it as a collectible card game.[26] It is not known if the game was intended to be a standalone product or something altogether different like Top Trumps.[13] The game consisted of a limited 112 cards and never saw manufacture past the marketing stage.[27] Early Batter-Up Baseball deck, c. 1949, with instruction sheet/diamond diagram The first pre-CCG to make it to market was the Baseball Card Game, released by Topps in 1951 as an apparent followup to a game from 1947 called Batter Up Baseball by Ed-u-Cards Corp. Players created teams of hitters, represented by cards, and moved them around a baseball diamond according to cards representing baseball plays drawn from a randomized deck. Like modern CCGs, Topps' Baseball Card Game was sold in randomized packs and were collectible; however, it lacked the necessary strategic play that defines a CCG.[28] Interaction between the two players was limited to who scored the most points and was otherwise a solitaire-like function since players could not play simultaneously.[29] Other notable entries that resemble and predate the CCG are Strat-O-Matic, Nuclear War, BattleCards, and Illuminati.[18] Allen Varney of Dragon Magazine claimed the designer of Cosmic Encounter, published in 1979, Peter Olotka, spoke of the idea of designing a collectible card game as early as 1979.[30] Magic: The Gathering and CCG craze (1990–1995) Richard Garfield (pictured in 2014) designed Magic: The Gathering taking elements from the board game Cosmic Encounter. The game was released in 1993. Prior to the advent of the CCG, the market for alternative games was dominated by role-playing games (RPG), in particular Dungeons & Dragons by TSR. Wizards of the Coast (Wizards), a new company formed in Peter Adkison's basement in 1990, was looking to enter the RPG market with its series called The Primal Order which converted characters to other RPG series. After a lawsuit from Palladium Books which could have financially ruined the company, Wizards acquired another RPG called Talislanta. This was after Lisa Stevens joined the company in 1991 as vice president after having left White Wolf. Through their mutual friend Mike Davis, Adkison met Richard Garfield who at the time was a doctoral student. Garfield and Davis had an idea for a game called RoboRally and pitched the idea to Wizards of the Coast in 1991, but Wizards did not have the resources to manufacture it and instead challenged Garfield to make a game that would pay for the creation of RoboRally. This game would require minimal resources to make and only about 15–20 minutes to play.[18] In December 1991, Garfield had a prototype for a game called Mana Clash, and by 1993 he established Garfield Games to attract publishers and to get a larger share of the company should it become successful. When designing Magic: The Gathering, Garfield borrowed elements from the board game Cosmic Encounter which also used cards for gameplay,[31] and from Strat-o-Matic baseball, in which players build a team of players before the baseball game itself is played.[32] In 1993 a "new kind of card game" appeared.[31] It was different because the player could not buy all the cards at once. Players would first buy starter decks and then later be encouraged to buy booster packs to expand their selection of cards. What emerged was a card game that players collected and treasured but also played with.[31] The first collectible card game created was Magic: The Gathering, invented by Richard Garfield, and patented by Wizards of the Coast in 1993.[16][18][31][33][34][35][36] The game has remained popular,[37] with Wizards of the Coast claiming it to be the most widely played CCG as of 2009.[38][note 2] It was based on Garfield's game Five Magics from 1982.[28] Originally, Mana Clash was designed with Wizards in mind, but the suit between Palladium Books and Wizards was still not settled. Investment money was eventually secured from Wizards and the name Mana Clash was changed to Magic: The Gathering. The ads for it first appeared in Cryptych, a magazine that focused on RPGs. On 4 July weekend of 1993, the game premiered at the Origins Game Fair in Fort Worth, Texas. In the following month of August, the game's Limited core set was released (also known as Alpha) and sold out its initial print run of 2.6 million cards immediately creating more demand. Wizards quickly released a second print run called Beta (7.3 million card print run) and then a second core set called Unlimited (35 million card print run) in an attempt to satisfy orders as well as to fix small errors in the game. December also saw the release of the first expansion called Arabian Nights. With Magic: The Gathering still the only CCG on the market, it released another expansion called Antiquities which experienced collation problems. Another core set iteration named Revised was released shortly after that. Demand was still not satiated as the game grew by leaps and bounds. Legends was released in mid-1994 and no end was in sight for the excitement over the new CCG.[18][40] What followed was the CCG craze. Magic was so popular that game stores could not satisfy the market demand. More and more orders came for the product, and as other game makers looked on they realized that they had to capitalize on this new fad. The first to do so was TSR who rushed their own game Spellfire into production, releasing it in June 1994. Through this period of time, Magic was hard to obtain because production never kept pace with demand. Store owners placed large inflated orders in an attempt to circumvent allocations placed by distributors. This practice would eventually catch up to them when printing capacity met demand coinciding with the expansion of Fallen Empires released in November 1994. Combined with the releases of 9 other CCGs, among them Galactic Empires, Decipher's Star Trek, On the Edge, and Super Deck!. Steve Jackson Games, which was heavily involved in the alternative game market, looked to tap into the new CCG market and figured the best way was to adapt their existing Illuminati game. The result was Illuminati: New World Order which followed with two expansions in 1995 and 1998. Another entry by Wizards of the Coast was Jyhad. The game sold well, but not nearly as well as Magic; however, it was considered a great competitive move by Wizard as Jyhad was based on one of the most popular intellectual properties in the alternative game market which kept White Wolf from aggressively competing with Magic. By this time, however, it may have been a moot point as the CCG Market had hit its first obstacle: too much product. The overprinted expansion of Magic's Fallen Empires threatened to upset the relationship that Wizards had with its distributors as many complained of getting too much product, despite their original over-ordering practices.[18][41][42] In early 1995, the GAMA Trade Show previewed upcoming games for the year. One out of every three games announced at the show was a CCG. Publishers other than game makers were now entering the CCG market such as Donruss, Upper Deck, Fleer, Topps, Comic Images, and others. The CCG bubble appeared to be on everyone's mind. Too many CCGs were being released and not enough players existed to meet the demand. In 1995 alone, 38 CCGs entered the market, the most notable among them being Doomtrooper, Middle-earth, OverPower, Rage, Shadowfist, Legend of the Five Rings, and SimCity. Jyhad saw a makeover and was renamed as Vampire: The Eternal Struggle to distance itself from the Islamic term jihad as well as to get closer to the source material.[18] The Star Trek CCG from Decipher was almost terminated after disputes with Paramount announced that the series would end in 1997. But by the end of the year, the situation was resolved and Decipher regained the license to the Star Trek franchise along with Deep Space Nine, Voyager and the movie First Contact.[18] The enthusiasm from manufacturers was very high, but by the summer of 1995 at Gen Con, retailers had noticed CCG sales were lagging. The Magic expansion Chronicles was released in November and was essentially a compilation of older sets. It was maligned by collectors and they claimed it devalued their collections. Besides this aspect, the market was still reeling from too much product as Fallen Empires still sat on shelves alongside newer Magic expansions like Ice Age. The one new CCG that retailers were hoping to save their sales, Star Wars, was not released until very late in December. By then, Wizards of the Coast, the lead seller in the CCG market had announced a downsizing in their company and it was followed by a layoff of over 30 jobs. The excess product and lag in sales also coincided with an eight-month-long gap between Magic: The Gathering's expansions, the longest in its history.[18][41] In Hungary, Power Cards Card Game, or HKK, was released in 1995 and was inspired by Magic: The Gathering. HKK was later released in the Czech Republic. HKK is still being made.[43][44] Wizards of the Coast era (1996–1999) Garfield applied for a patent for "a novel method of gameplay and game components that in one embodiment are in the form of trading cards" that includes claims covering games whose rules include many of Magic's elements in combination, including concepts such as changing the orientation of a game component to indicate use (referred to in the Magic and Vampire: The Eternal Struggle rules as "tapping") and constructing a deck by selecting cards from a larger pool.[45] Garfield was granted the patent in 1997, which he then transferred the patent to Wizards of the Coast.[46] The patent has aroused criticism from some observers, who believe it may have stifled growth of other CCGs, and looked to have some of its claims to be invalid.[47] Peter Adkison, CEO of Wizards at the time, remarked that his company was interested in striking a balance between the "free flow of ideas and the continued growth of the game business" with "the ability to be compensated by others who incorporate our patented method of play into their games".[48] Adkison continued to say they "had no intention of stifling" the industry that originated from the "success of Magic".[48] Stabilization and consolidation (1996–1997) Dragon Dice was one of the attempts at a collectible dice game in the 1990s. In early 1996, the CCG market was still reeling from its recent failures and glut of products, including the release of Wizards' expansion Homelands which was rated as the worst Magic expansion to date. The next two years would mark a "cool off" period for the over-saturated CCG market. Additionally, manufacturers slowly came to understand that having a CCG was not enough to keep it alive. They also had to support organized players through tournaments. Combined with a new dichotomy between collectors and players especially among Magic players, more emphasis was placed on the game rather than the collectibility of the cards.[18] Plenty more CCGs were introduced in 1996, chief among them were BattleTech, The X-Files, Mythos, and Wizards' very own Netrunner. Many established CCGs were in full swing releasing expansions every few months, but even by this time, many CCGs released only two years earlier had already been terminated. TSR had ceased production of Spellfire and attempted another collectible game called Dragon Dice which failed shortly after being released.[18] On 3 June 1997, Wizards of the Coast announced that it had acquired TSR and its Dungeons & Dragons property which also gave them control of Gen Con.[49] Wizards now had its long-sought role-playing game, and it quickly discontinued all plans to continue producing Dragon Dice or resuming production of the Spellfire CCG. Decipher was now sanctioning tournaments for their Star Trek and Star Wars games, with the latter also enjoying strong success from the re-released Star Wars Special Edition films. The Star Wars CCG would remain the second best-selling CCG until the introduction of Pokémon to the United States in 1999.[18] Wizards continued acquiring properties and bought Five Rings Publishing Group, Inc., creators of the Legend of the Five Rings CCG, Star Trek: The Next Generation collectible dice game, and the soon to be released Dune CCG, on 26 June.[50] Wizards also acquired Andon Unlimited which by association gave them control over the Origins Convention. By September, Wizards was awarded a patent for its "Trading Card Game". Later in October, Wizards announced that it would seek royalty payments from other CCG companies. Allegedly, only Harper Prism announced its intention to pay these royalties for its game Imajica. Other CCGs acknowledged the patent on their packaging.[18][19][41] 1997 saw a slow down in the release of new CCG games. Only 7 new games came out, among them: Dune: Eye of the Storm, Babylon 5, Shadowrun, Imajica and Aliens/Predator. Babylon 5 saw moderate success for a few years before its publisher Precedence succumbed to a nonrenewal of its license later on in 2001. Also in 1997, Vampire: The Eternal Struggle ceased production. However, Wizards of the Coast attempted to enter a more mainstream market with the release of a simplified version of Magic, called Portal. Its creation is considered a failure, along with its follow-up Portal Second Age released in 1998.[18] Wizards of the Coast dominates, Hasbro steps in (1998–1999) A collection of Pokémon and Yu-Gi-Oh! cards By February 1998, one out of every two CCGs sold was Magic: the Gathering.[18] Only 7 new CCGs were introduced that year, all but two being Wizards of the Coast product. C-23, Doomtown, Hercules: The Legendary Journeys, Legend of the Burning Sands and Xena: Warrior Princess were those five, and only Doomtown met with better than average reviews before its run was terminated and the rights returned to Alderac. C-23, Hercules, and Xena were all a part of a new simplified CCG system Wizards had created for beginners. Called the ARC System, it had four distinct types of cards: Resource, Character, Combat, and Action. The system also utilized the popular "tapping" mechanic of Magic: The Gathering. This system was abandoned shortly afterward.[18] Despite limited success or no success at all in the rest of the CCG market, Magic had recovered and Wizards learned from its lessons of 1995 and early 1996. Players still enjoyed the game and were acquiring its latest expansions of Tempest, Stronghold, Exodus and by year's end, Urza's Saga which added new enthusiasm to Magic's fanbase in light of some of the cards being "too powerful".[18] In early 1999, Wizards released the English-language version of the Pokémon TCG to the mass market (the original Japanese version of the game having been released by Media Factory in 1996). The game benefited from the Pokémon fad also of that year. At first, there was not enough product to meet demand. Some retailers perceived the shortage to be, in part, related to Wizards' recent purchase of the Game Keeper stores where it was assumed they received Pokémon shipments more often than non-affiliated stores. By the summer of 1999, the Pokémon TCG became the first CCG to outsell Magic: The Gathering. The success of Pokémon brought renewed interest to the CCG market and many new companies began pursuing this established customer base. Large retail stores such as Walmart and Target began carrying CCGs and by the end of September, Hasbro was convinced on its profitability and bought Wizards of the Coast for $325 million (equivalent to $594.4 million in 2023).[18][19] A small selection of new CCGs also arrived in 1999, among them Young Jedi, Tomb Raider, Austin Powers, 7th Sea and The Wheel of Time.[18] Franchising (2000- 2002) Transitions and refining of the market (2000) By 2000, the volatility of the CCG market was familiar to its retailers. They foresaw Pokémon's inevitable fall from grace as the fad reached its peak in April of that year. The panic associated with the overflooding of the CCGs from 1995 and 1996 was absent and the retailers withstood the crash of Pokémon. Yet CCGs benefited from the popularity of Pokémon and they saw an uptick in the number of CCGs released and an overall increased interest in the genre. Pokémon's mainstream success in the CCG world also highlighted an increasing trend of CCGs being marketed with existing intellectual properties, especially those with an existing television show, such as a cartoon. New CCGs introduced in 2000 included notable entries in Sailor Moon, The Terminator, Digi-Battle, Dragon Ball Z Collectible Card Game, Magi-Nation and X-Men. Vampires: The Eternal Struggle resumed production in 2000 after White Wolf regained full rights and released the first new expansion in three years called Sabbat War. Wizards of the Coast introduced a new sports CCG called MLB Showdown as well.[18] Decipher released its final chronological expansion of the original Star Wars trilogy called Death Star II and would continue to see a loss in sales as interest waned in succeeding expansions, and their Star Wars license was not being renewed. Mage Knight was also released this year and would seek to challenge the CCG market by introducing miniatures into the mix. Though not technically a CCG, it would target the same player base for sales. The real shake-up in the industry, however, came when Hasbro laid off more than 100 workers at Wizards of the Coast and ended its attempts at an online version of the game when it sold off the subsidiary's interactive division. Coinciding with this turn of events was Peter Adkisson's decision to resign and Lisa Stevens whose job ended when The Duelist magazine (published by Wizards of the Coast) was canceled by the parent company. With Adkisson went Wizards' acquisition of Gen Con and the Origins Convention went to GAMA. Hasbro also ceased production of Legends of the Five Rings in 2000, but its production resumed when after it was sold to Alderac in 2001.[18][41] Franchise trends continue (2001–2002) The years 2001 and 2002 progressed with the CCG market being less likely to take risks on new and original intellectual properties, but instead, it would invest in CCGs that were based on existing franchises. Cartoons, movies, television, and books influenced the creation of such CCGs as Harry Potter, The Lord of the Rings, A Game of Thrones, Buffy the Vampire Slayer, Yu-Gi-Oh! and two Star Wars CCGs: Jedi Knights and a rebooted Star Wars TCG, by Decipher and Wizards of the Coast. They followed the demise of the original Star Wars CCG by Decipher in December 2001, but they would see very little interest and eventually the two games were canceled. Other niche CCGs were also made, including Warlord: Saga of the Storm and Warhammer 40,000.[18][19] Upper Deck had its first hit with Yu-Gi-Oh! The game was known to be popular in Japan but until 2002 had not been released in the United States. The game was mostly distributed to national retailers, with hobby stores added to their distribution afterward. By the end of 2002, the game was the top CCG even though it was nowhere near the phenomenon that Pokémon was. The card publisher Precedence produced a new CCG in 2001 based on the Rifts RPG by Palladium. Rifts had top-of-the-line artwork but the size of the starter deck was similar in size to the RPG books. Precedence's other main CCG Babylon 5 ended its decent run in 2001 after the company lost its license. The game was terminated and the publisher later folded in 2002. The release of The Lord of the Rings TCG marked the release of the 100th new CCG since 1993, and 2002 also marked the release of the 500th CCG expansion for all CCGs. The Lord of the Rings TCG briefly beat out sales of Magic for a few months.[19] Magic continued a steady pace releasing successful expansion blocks with Odyssey and Onslaught. Decipher released The Motion Pictures expansion for the Star Trek CCG, and also announced that it would be the last expansion for the game. Decipher then released the Second Edition for the Star Trek CCG which refined the rules, rebooted the game, and introduced new card frames. Collectible miniature games continued their effort to take market share away from the CCG market with the releases of HeroClix and MechWarrior in 2002 but saw limited success.[19] A second wave of new CCGs (2003–2005) The next few years saw an increase in the number of companies willing to start a new CCG, partly owing to the success of Pokémon and Yu-Gi-Oh!. New CCGs entered the market, many of which tried to continue the trend of franchise tie-ins. Notable entries include The Simpsons, SpongeBob SquarePants, Neopets, G.I. Joe, Hecatomb, Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles and many others. Duel Masters was introduced to the United States after strong popularity in Japan the preceding two years. Wizards of the Coast published it for a couple of years before weak sales resulted in its cancellation. Two Warhammer CCGs were released with Horus Heresy and WarCry. Horus Heresy lasted two years and was succeeded by Dark Millennium in 2005. Also, two entries from Decipher were released, one that passed the torch from their Star Wars CCG to WARS. WARS kept most of the gameplay mechanics from their Star Wars game, but transferred them to a new and original setting. The game did not do particularly well, and after two expansions, the game was canceled in 2005. The other new CCG was .hack//Enemy which won an Origins award. The game was also canceled in 2005.[51] Plenty of other CCGs were attempted by various publishers, many that were based on Japanese manga such as Beyblade, Gundam War, One Piece, Inuyasha, Zatch Bell!, Case Closed, and YuYu Hakusho. Existing CCGs were reformatted or rebooted including Dragon Ball Z as Dragon Ball GT and Digimon D-Tector as the Digimon Collectible Card Game. An interesting CCG released by Upper Deck was called the Vs. System. It incorporated the Marvel and DC Comics universes and pitted the heroes and villains from those universes against one another. Similarly, the game UFS: The Universal Fighting System used characters from Street Fighter, Soul Calibur, Tekken, Mega Man, Darkstalkers, etc. This CCG was obtained by Jasco Games in 2010 and is currently still being made. Another CCG titled Call of Cthulhu was the spiritual successor to Mythos by the publisher Chaosium. Chaosium licensed the game to Fantasy Flight Games who produced the CCG. Probably one of the biggest developments in the CCG market was the release of Magic's 8th Edition core set. It introduced a redesigned card border and it would later mark the beginning of a new play format titled Modern that utilized cards from this set onward. Another development was Pokémon, originally published in English by Wizards, having its publishing rights transferred to Pokemon USA, Inc. in June 2003. This would start a slow revival for the brand, though never reaching the 1999 craze. The CCG renaissance continues (2006–present) The previous year's influx of new CCGs continued into 2006. Riding on the success of the popular PC Game World of Warcraft, Blizzard Entertainment licensed Upper Deck to publish a TCG based on the game. The World of Warcraft TCG was born and was carried by major retailers but saw limited success until it was discontinued in 2013 prior to the release of Blizzard's digital card game Hearthstone. Following previous trends, Japanese-influenced CCGs continued to enter the market. These games were either based on cartoons or manga and included: Naruto, Avatar: The Last Airbender, Bleach, Rangers Strike and the classic series Robotech. Dragon Ball GT was rebooted once again in 2008 and renamed as Dragon Ball. Many other franchises were made into CCGs with a few reboots. Notable ones included Cardfight!! Vanguard, Conan, Battlestar Galactica, Power Rangers, 24 TCG, Redakai, Monsuno, and others, as well as another attempt at Doctor Who in the United Kingdom and Australia. Publisher Alderac released the City of Heroes CCG based on the City of Heroes PC game. Another video game, Kingdom Hearts for the PS2, was turned into the Kingdom Hearts TCG by Tomy. A few other CCGs were released only in other countries and never made it overseas to English speaking countries, including Monster Hunter of Japan, and Vandaria Wars [id] of Indonesia. By the end of 2008, trouble was brewing between Konami, who owned the rights to Yu-Gi-Oh! and its licensee Upper Deck. Meanwhile, strong sales continued with the three top CCGs of Pokémon, Yu-Gi-Oh!, and Magic: the Gathering. The Warhammer series Dark Millennium ended its run in 2007. Convention attendees browsing collectible card game cards at MCM London Comic Con May 2015 Magic: the Gathering saw a large player boom in 2009, with the release of the Zendikar expansion. The spike in the number of Magic players continued for a few years and leveled off by 2015.[52] Interest also developed with their multiplayer format called Commander. This increase in the player base created a Magic subculture based on finance speculation. New players entering the market from 2009 to 2015 desired cards that were printed before 2009 and with smaller print runs. Demand outstripped quantity and prices of certain cards increased and speculators started to directly manipulate the Magic card market to their advantage. This eventually attracted the interest of the controversial figure Martin Shkreli, former CEO of Turing Pharmaceuticals, for a brief period of time.[53] Prices of cards from previous sets increased dramatically and the American market saw an influx of Chinese counterfeits capitalizing on the demand. This created a unique situation where the most desirable and expensive cards could be printed by counterfeiters, but not by the brand owner, due to a promise made with collectors in 1996 and refined in 2011.[54][55] In 2015, Wizards of the Coast implemented more anti-counterfeit measures by introducing a holographic foil onto cards with specific rarities, in addition to creating a proprietary font.[56][57] Between the time period of 2008 to 2016, Magic: the Gathering sold over 20 billion cards.[9] A rise in tie-in collectible card games continued with the introduction of the My Little Pony Collectible Card Game. It was licensed to Enterplay LLC by Hasbro and published on 13 December 2013.[58] The collectible cards, according to president Dean Irwin, proved to be moderately successful, so Enterplay reprinted the premiere release set mid-February 2014.[58] Other tie-in games released included the Final Fantasy Trading Card Game and Star Wars: Destiny; which had collectible cards and dice which after a 3-year run ended production in early 2020. Force of Will was released in 2012 in Japan and in 2013 in English, but as an original intellectual property. One of the longest running CCGs, Legend of the Five Rings, released its final set Evil Portents for free in 2015. After a 20-year run, the brand was sold to Fantasy Flight Games and released as an LCG.[59] In March 2018, it was announced that PlayFusion and Games Workshop would team up to create a new Warhammer trading card game.[60] Forbes reported that the global Trading Card Game market size in 2022 was valued at $2.99 billion and it is expected to reach $4.2 billion by 2028.[61] Reception [icon] This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (March 2018) In 1996, Luke Peterschmidt, designer of Guardians, remarked that unlike board game and RPG players, CCG players seem to assume they can only play one CCG at a time.[62] Often, the less popular CCGs will have localized sales success; in some cities a CCG will be a hit, but in many others it will be a flop.[63] Concerns about gambling [icon] This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (August 2021) Like lootboxes in video games, there are concerns about the random and sealed booster packs.[64] However, challenges to whether booster packs are equivalent to gambling have failed to hold up in court, as CCGs typically follow similar rules established for baseball card distribution. These include that the publisher states what the rarity expectations are for a booster pack, and that all cards they sell have equal value; it is only the secondary market that assigns speculative value to rarer cards that elevates their price. Since the publisher has no interaction with the secondary market, this helps to insulate their from gambling concerns.[65] A survey among users of Reddit's online message boards found little evidence of the need to regulate collectible card games.[66] This concern for gambling plays a big part of the brand messaging for Living Card Games with fixed non-randomized distribution of cards.[67] See also Collectible dice games Collectible miniature game Digital collectible card game List of collectible card games List of digital collectible card games Loot box criticism Non-sports trading card Bibliography Miller, John Jackson; Greenholdt, Joyce (2003). Collectible Card Games Checklist & Price Guide (2nd ed.). Krause Publication. ISBN 0-87349-623-X. Footnotes Collectible Card Games (CCG) may also be known as a trading card game (TCG), customizable card game, expandable card game (ECG - see Age of Empires II) or simply as a card game. Terms such as "collectible" and "trading" are often used interchangeably because of copyrights and marketing strategies of game companies.[1] In contrast, Guinness World Records claimed Yu-Gi-Oh to be the best-selling trading card game as of 2011.[39] References Frank, Jane (2012), Role-Playing Game and Collectible Card Game Artists : A Biographical Dictionary, McFarland, Incorporated, Publishers, pp. 2–3, ISBN 978-0786446100 Turkay, Selen; Adinolf, Sonam; Tirthaliv, Devayani (2012). "Collectible card games as learning tools". Procedia. 46: 3701–3705. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.06.130. David-Marshall, B.; Dreunen, J.v.; Wang, M. (2010). Trading Card Game Industry - From the T to the C to the G (Report). SuperData Research. Ohannessian, Kevin (20 July 2014). "A Story in the Cards: The Collaborative Wizardry Behind Making "Magic: The Gathering"". Fast Company. Retrieved 25 February 2020. Brown, Timothy (1999), Official Price Guide to Collectible Card Games, p. 505 Kunzelman, Cameron (28 July 2018). "Rare Magic: The Gathering Card Sells For $87,000". Kotaku. Retrieved 26 February 2020. "Gatherer - The Official Magic: The Gathering Card Database". Magic the Gathering. Wizards of the Coast. Retrieved 6 March 2020. Chalk, Titus (31 July 2013), 20 Years Of Magic: The Gathering, A Game That Changed The World, archived from the original on 22 May 2014, retrieved 11 August 2013 "Magic: the Gathering 25th anniversary Facts & Figures". Magic.Wizards.com. Archived from the original on 11 February 2018. Retrieved 9 February 2018. "Yu-Gi-Oh! Card Game Breaks Guinness Record with 25.1 Billion Cards Sold New Series Available Worldwide". Konami Digital Entertainment. Konami. 20 June 2011. Archived from the original on 20 June 2011. "「ワンピース」でも「鬼滅」でもなく…史上最も稼いだ意外なジャンプ作品". Livedoor News (in Japanese). Livedoor. 29 January 2021. Retrieved 30 January 2021. "Business Summary". Pokémon official website. The Pokémon Company. March 2023. Retrieved 13 June 2024. Unknown, Kai (12 July 2011), Collectible Card Games, retrieved 12 August 2013 Minotti, Mike (28 January 2017). "SuperData: Hearthstone trumps all comers in card market that will hit $1.4 billion in 2017". Venture Beat. Retrieved 28 January 2017. "Getting started with the Pokemon Trading Card Game (TCG) for parents". Virantha.com. Retrieved 21 December 2017. Williams, J. Patrick (2 May 2007), Gaming as Culture: Essays on Reality, Identity and Experience in Fantasy Games (PDF), archived (PDF) from the original on 2 December 2013, retrieved 11 August 2013 Board Game Terminology, 27 January 2012, archived from the original on 2 October 2013, retrieved 12 August 2013 Miller, John Jackson (2001), Scrye Collectible Card Game Checklist & Price Guide, p. 520. Miller, John Jackson (2003), Scrye Collectible Card Game Checklist & Price Guide, Second Edition, p. 688. Ham, Ethan (April 2010). "Rarity and Power: Balance in Collectible Object Games". Game Studies. 10 (1). Retrieved 21 December 2017. "So what exactly is a deck-building game anyway?". Destructoid. 29 October 2014. Retrieved 20 December 2017. Varley, Allen (9 August 2009). "Dominion Over All". The Escapist. p. 1. Archived from the original on 7 August 2009. Retrieved 15 October 2012. "Expandable Card Games (ECG), Trademarks & Patents (3 of 3)". PairofDiceParadise.com. Retrieved 21 December 2017. "The Living Card Game: Giving Collectible Card Games a Run for Their Money". BoardGameResource.com. Archived from the original on 31 December 2017. Retrieved 20 December 2017. "LCGs Top CCGs". ICV2.com. Retrieved 20 December 2017. "The Base Ball Card Game". Board Game Geek. Retrieved 8 August 2013. Lipset, Lew (2000), "The Hobby Insider - Recollecting the history of a baseball card game that never was", Sports Collectors Digest, p. 50. Tumbusch, T. M.; Zwilling, Nathan (1995), Tomart's Photo Checklist & Price Guide to Collectible Card Games, Volume One, p. 88. unknown, toppcat (28 March 2013), It's Cott To be Good!, retrieved 12 August 2013 Varney, Allen (January 1994). "Role-playing Reviews" (PDF). Dragon Magazine. TSR, Inc. pp. 66–67. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 March 2015. Retrieved 19 December 2017. Owens, Thomas S.; Helmer, Diana Star (1996), Inside Collectible Card Games, pp. 10–12. Klemens, Ben; Landau, Elizabeth (2 February 2021), An Inclusive, Cyberpunk Future Is in the Cards, WIRED Long, Nick (1 March 2006), Understanding Magic: The Gathering - Part One: History, archived from the original on 29 July 2014, retrieved 8 August 2013 Ching, Albert (11 September 2011), Card Game MAGIC: THE GATHERING Returns to Comics at IDW, retrieved 11 August 2013 Kotha, Suresh (19 October 1998), Wizards of the Coast (PDF), archived (PDF) from the original on 27 January 2019, retrieved 11 August 2013 Stafford, Patrick (24 May 2014), "Richard Garfield: King of the cards", Eurogamer.net, retrieved 5 June 2014 "First modern trading card game". Guinness World Records. 2013. Retrieved 16 June 2013. "Magic: The Gathering Fact Sheet" (PDF). Wizards of the Coast. 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 August 2009. Retrieved 10 June 2013. "Best-selling trading card game". Guinness World Records. 31 March 2011. Archived from the original on 27 December 2014. Retrieved 5 March 2014. Moursund, Beth (2002), The Complete Encyclopedia of Magic: The Gathering, p. 720. Appelcline, Shannon (3 August 2006), A Brief History of Game #1: Wizards of the Coast: 1990-Present, archived from the original on 24 August 2006, retrieved 29 August 2013 Courtland, Hayden-William (n.d.), History of Spellfire, archived from the original on 8 July 2013, retrieved 30 August 2013 "A Hatalom Kártyái Kártyajáték története - Beholder Fantasy". www.beholder.hu. Archived from the original on 28 November 2011. Retrieved 27 March 2018. "Mi is az a Hatalom Kártyái Kártyajáték? - Beholder Fantasy". www.beholder.hu. Retrieved 27 March 2018. US 5662332, Garfield, Richard Channing, "Trading card game method of play", published 1997-09-02, assigned to Wizards of the Coast Inc. "Patently Confusing", The Duelist, no. #21, p. 85, January 1998 Varney, Allen (3 May 2006). "The Year in Gaming". Austin Chronicle. The Austin Chronicle. Archived from the original on 9 August 2011. Retrieved 3 June 2007. "Wizards of the Coast News", The Duelist, no. #21, p. 17, January 1998 "Wizards of the Coast News", The Duelist, no. #19, p. 18, October 1997 "Wizards of the Coast News", The Duelist, no. #19, p. 17, October 1997 "Origins Award Winners (2003)". Origins Game Fair. Academy of Adventure Gaming Arts & Design. Archived from the original on 5 November 2007. Retrieved 2 October 2007. Lennon, Ross (20 March 2015), Accumulated Knowledge 1 - Intro to History of Magic Finance, retrieved 4 September 2017 Morris, David Z. (10 July 2016), Martin Shkreli is Getting into Magic: the Gathering, and Gamers Are Conflicted, retrieved 4 September 2017 Wizards of the Coast (4 May 2016), Official Reprint Policy, retrieved 4 September 2017 EchoMtG, Magic Reserve List, retrieved 4 September 2017 Andres, Chas (13 January 2014), Counterfeit Cards, archived from the original on 2 May 2015, retrieved 4 September 2017 Styborski, Adam (6 January 2014), New Card Frame Coming in Magic 2015, retrieved 6 September 2017 "'MLP CCG' Trending in Hobby". ICV2. 14 January 2014. Retrieved 4 August 2014. Gordon, David (7 October 2015), "Dave of the Five Rings: Chapter Twenty-One", The Cardboard Republic, retrieved 1 October 2017 PlayFusion (20 March 2018). "PlayFusion and Games Workshop Join Forces to Create New Warhammer AR, Physical and Digital Trading Card Game". PR Newswire (Press release). Retrieved 31 March 2018. Roeloffs, Mary Whitfill. "'Marvel Snap' Becomes Top-Grossing Digital Trading Card Game —Beating 'Yu-Gi-Oh!' And 'Magic:The Gathering Arena'". Forbes. Retrieved 2 February 2024. "Inside the Industry - Reports on Trading Card Games", The Duelist, no. #12, p. 73, September 1996 Varney, Allen (February 1997), "Inside the Industry", The Duelist, no. #15, p. 83 "Is spending on trading cards related to problem gambling? | Northstar Problem Gambling Alliance". Archived from the original on 19 August 2021. Retrieved 19 August 2021. "Chaset v. Fleer/Skybo International, LP: Swapping trading cards for treble damages - can individuals really sue trading card companies under the RICO Act". villanova.edu. Retrieved 6 April 2023. Zendle, David; Walasek, Lukasz; Cairns, Paul; Meyer, Rachel; Drummond, Aaron (6 April 2021). "Links between problem gambling and spending on booster packs in collectible card games: A conceptual replication of research on loot boxes". PLOS ONE. 16 (4): e0247855. Bibcode:2021PLoSO..1647855Z. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0247855. PMC 8023484. PMID 33822788. "LCG Player's Guide". Fantasy Flight Games. Retrieved 28 June 2013. Further reading Vita, Jeofrey; Gomes, Jeff (April 1995). "How they did it". Inquest. pp. 20–22. "The complete beginner's guide to collectible card games". Scrye. No. 4. February 1995. pp. Special insert, 1–8. External links Media related to Collectible card games at Wikimedia Commons vte Non-sports trading cards Topics Collections listArtist trading cardsCollectible card game List Sets Civil War NewsDinosaurs Attack!Garbage Pail KidsHollywood ZombiesMars AttacksWacky Packages Manufacturers Allen & GinterBushiroadCapstanCartamundiChurchman'sCryptozoic EntertainmentDart FlipcardsDecipherDonrussDigimonFleerGodfrey PhillipsGoodwin & Co.Hidden CityMerlin PublishingMonsterwaxPacificPaniniSkyBoxToppsUpper DeckWebkinzWillsWizards of the Coast Media The American Card CatalogNon-Sport Update magazine Other topics Cigarette cardTrading card vte Tabletop games by type Board game Adventure board gameAmerigameCooperative board gameDeduction board gameEurogameRace game Cross and circle gameLegacy gameRunning-fight gameTables gameTile-based game DominoesChinese dominoesTrain game 18XX Card game Collectible card gameDeck-building gameDedicated deck card gameShedding-type gamesPatienceTarot card gamesTrick-taking game Strategy game Abstract strategy game Connection gameTafl gamesConstructible strategy gameMiniatures game Collectible miniatures gameWargame Other Dice gameMatching gameMegagameIcehouse piecesPiecepackPaper-and-pencil gameSocial deduction gameTabletop role-playing game Categories: Card games introduced in 1993Collectible card gamesGames of mental skillCard game terminology Trading card Article Talk Read Edit View history Tools From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Not to be confused with Trade card. A trading card (or collectible card) is a small card, usually made out of paperboard or thick paper, which usually contains an image of a certain person, place or thing (fictional or real) and a short description of the picture, along with other text (attacks, statistics, or trivia).[1] When traded separately, they are known as singles. There is a wide variation of different types of cards. Trading cards are traditionally associated with sports (baseball cards are particularly common) but can also include subjects such as Pokémon and other non-sports trading cards. These often feature cartoons, comic book characters, television series and film stills. In the 1990s, cards designed specifically for playing games became popular enough to develop into a distinct category, collectible card games. These games are mostly fantasy-based gameplay. Fantasy art cards are a subgenre of trading cards that focus on the artwork. History Origins Main articles: Trade card and Cigarette card Trade cards are the ancestors of cigarette and food (bubble gum) cards. Some of the earliest prizes found in retail products were cigarette cards— Trade cards were designed to advertise products (not to be confused with trading cards) that were inserted into paper packs of cigarettes as stiffeners to protect the contents.[2] Allen and Ginter in the U.S. in 1886, and British company W.D. & H.O. Wills in 1888, were the first tobacco companies to print advertisements.[3] A couple of years later, lithograph pictures on the cards with an encyclopedic variety of topics from nature to war to sports — subjects that appealed to men who smoked - began to surface as well.[4] By 1900, there were thousands of tobacco card sets manufactured by 300 different companies. Children would stand outside of stores to ask customers who bought cigarettes for the promotional cards.[5] Following the success of cigarette cards, trade cards were produced by manufacturers of other products and included in the product or handed to the customer by the store clerk at the time of purchase.[4] World War II put an end to cigarette card production due to limited paper resources, and after the war cigarette cards never really made a comeback. After that collectors of prizes from retail products took to collecting tea cards in the UK and bubble gum cards in the US.[6] Early baseball cards Main article: Baseball card Adrian C. Anson depicted on an Allen & Ginter cigarette card, c. 1887 The first baseball cards were trade cards printed in the late 1860s by a sporting goods company, around the time baseball became a professional sport.[7] Most of the baseball cards around the beginning of the 20th century came in candy and tobacco products. It was during this era that the most valuable baseball card ever printed, the T206 tobacco card featuring Honus Wagner, was produced.[8] The T206 set, distributed by the American Tobacco Company in 1909, is considered by collectors to be the most popular set of all time.[9] In 1933, the Goudey Gum Company of Boston issued baseball cards with players biographies on the backs and was the first to put baseball cards in bubble gum.[10] The 1933 Goudey set remains one of the most popular and affordable vintage sets to this day.[11] Bowman Gum of Philadelphia issued its first baseball cards in 1948. Modern trading cards Topps Chewing Gum, Inc., now known as "The Topps Company, Inc.", started inserting trading cards into bubble gum packs in 1950 with such topics as TV and film cowboy Hopalong Cassidy; "Bring 'Em Back Alive" cards featuring Frank Buck on big game hunts in Africa; and All-American Football Cards. Topps produced its first baseball trading card set in 1951, with the resulting design resembling that of playing cards.[12] Topps owner and founder Sy Berger created the first true modern baseball card set, complete with playing record and statistics, the following year in the form of 1952 Topps Baseball.[13] This is one of the most popular sets of all time; its most valued piece was 1952 Topps Mickey Mantle #311, which is sometimes erroneously referred to as Mantle's rookie card, though he had in fact appeared in the 1951 Bowman Baseball set.[14] On August 28, 2022, a Mickey Mantle baseball card (Topps; #311; SGC MT 9.5) was sold for $12.600 million.[15][16] Topps purchased their chief competitor, Bowman Gum, in 1956.[17] Topps was the leader in the trading card industry from 1956 to 1980, not only in sports cards but in entertainment cards as well. Many of the top selling non-sports cards were produced by Topps, including Wacky Packages (1967, 1973–1977), Star Wars (beginning in 1977)[18] and Garbage Pail Kids (beginning in 1985).[19] In 1991, Topps ceased packaging gum with their baseball cards, making many collectors happy that their cards could no longer be damaged by gum stains[20] The following year, in 1992, Topps ceased using heavily waxed paper to wrap their packs of cards and began using cellophane plastic exclusively, thus eliminating the possibility of wax stains on the top and bottom cards in the packs.[21] Digital trading cards In an attempt to stay current with technology and digital trends, existing and new trading card companies started to create digital trading cards that lived exclusively online or as a digital counterpart of a physical card. In 1995 Michael A. Pace produced "computer based" trading cards, utilizing a CD ROM computer system and floppy discs.[22] In 2000, Topps launched a brand of sports cards, called etopps. These cards were sold exclusively online through individual IPO's (initial player offering) in which the card is offered for usually a week at the IPO price. That same year, Tokenzone launched a digital collectibles platform that was used by media companies to distribute content in the form of digital trading cards. The quantity sold depended on how many people offered to buy but was limited to a certain maximum. After a sale, the cards were held in a climate-controlled warehouse unless the buyer requests delivery, and the cards could be traded online without changing hands except in the virtual sense. In January 2012, Topps announced that they would be discontinuing their eTopps product line.[23] Digital collectible card games were estimated to be a $1.3B market in 2013.[24] A number of tech start-ups have attempted to establish themselves in this space, notably Stampii (Spain, 2009),[25][26] Fantom (Ireland, 2011), Deckdaq (Israel, 2011), and 2Stic (Austria, 2013). Panini launched their Adrenalyn XL platform with an NBA and NFL trading card collection. Connect2Media together with Winning Moves, created an iPhone Application to host a series of trading card collections, including Dinosaurs, James Bond - 007, Celebs, Gum Ball 3000, European Football Stars and NBA. In 2011, mytcg Technologies launched a platform that enabled content holders to host their content on. On July 1, 2011, Wildcat Intellectual Property Holdings filed a lawsuit against 12 defendants, including Topps, Panini, Sony, Electronic Arts, Konami, Pokémon, Zynga and Nintendo, for allegedly infringing Wildcat's "Electronic Trading Card" patent.[27] In 2012, Topps also launched their first phone application. Topps Bunt was an app that allowed users to connect with other fans in a fantasy league type game environment wherein they can collect their favorite players, earn points based on how well they play and trade and compete with other fans. Three years later, the same company launched a digital experiment in Europe (geotargeted to exclude the USA) with its Marvel Hero Attax, using digital as an overlay to its physical product.[28] Value Today, the development of the Internet has given rise to various online communities, through which members can trade collectible cards with each other. Cards are often bought and sold via eBay and other online retail sources. Many websites solicit their own "sell to us" page in hopes to draw in more purchase opportunities.[29] Singles are usually of higher value than contemporary cards which are often sold as "bulk" or as a personal collection.[30] Ordinary collectible cards serve little function beyond memorabilia, but CCGs are also used in game tournaments.[31] Generally, collectible card games (CCG) fetch initial higher prices than trading cards because of the dual nature of being both a game and a collectible.[31] Prices will fluctuate for CCGs as cards become legal or illegal to play in certain game formats. The value of a trading card depends on a combination of the card's condition, the subject's popularity and the scarcity of the card. In some cases, especially with older cards that preceded the advent of card collecting as a widespread hobby, they have become collectors' items of considerable value. In recent years, many sports cards have not necessarily appreciated as much in value due to overproduction, although some manufacturers have used limited editions and smaller print runs to boost value. Trading cards, however, do not have an absolute monetary value. Cards are only worth as much as a collector is willing to pay.[32] Valued at $44 billion today, the global sports trading card market is expected to surge to approximately $100 billion by 2027.[33] Condition Card condition is one aspect of trading cards that determine the value of a card. There are four areas of interest in determining a card's condition. Centering, corners, edges and surface are taken into consideration, for imperfections, such as color spots and blurred images, and wear, such as creases, scratches and tears, when determining a trading card's value.[34] Cards are considered poor to pristine based on their condition, or in some cases rated 1 through 10.[35] A card in pristine condition, for example, will generally be valued higher than a card in poor condition. Major card grading companies which provide these ratings on a scale of 1-10 include PSA, Beckett, and SGC. They provide individual grades for the centering, corners, edges, and surface of the card to eventually combine for one final grade. Older cards are generally more sensitive to wear and tear, meaning a '7' might lessen the value of a card printed in 2018, but could significantly increase the value of a card from 1950. While the grade has a major impact on the card's value, the population does as well. For example, there are over 20,000 Luka Doncic 2018 Base Prizm Cards graded a PSA 10, meaning this large population drives down the value of each card. Condition Description Pristine Perfect card. No imperfections or damage to the naked eye and upon close inspection. Mint condition No printing imperfections or damage to the naked eye. Very minor printing imperfections or damage upon close inspection. Clean gloss with one or two scratches. Near Mint/Mint No printing imperfections or damage to the naked eye, but slight printing imperfections or damage upon close inspection. Solid gloss with very minor scratches. Near Mint Noticeable, but minor, imperfections or wear on the card. Solid gloss with very minor scratches. Excellent/Near Mint Noticeable, but minor, imperfections or wear on the card. Mostly solid gloss with minor scratches. Excellent Noticeable imperfections or moderate wear on the card. Some gloss lost with minor scratches. Very Good/Excellent Noticeable imperfections or moderate wear on the card. Heavy gloss lost with very minor scuffing, and an extremely subtle tear. Very Good Heavy imperfections or heavy wear on the card. Almost no gloss. Minor scuffing or very minor tear. Good Severe imperfections or wear on the card. No gloss. Noticeable scuffing or tear. Poor Destructive imperfections or wear on the card. No gloss. Heavy scuffing, severe tear or heavy creases. Popularity Popularity of trading cards is determined by the subject represented on the card, their real life accomplishments, and short term news coverage as well as the specifics of the card.[32] Scarcity While vintage cards are truly a scarce commodity, modern-day manufacturers have to artificially add value to their products in order to make them scarce. This is accomplished by including serial-numbered parallel sets, cards with game-worn memorabilia and more. Time can also make cards more scarce due to the fact that cards may be lost or destroyed.[8] Some singles have been autographed by someone related to the card. The person who autographed the card may be depicted, or their artwork is visible on the card. Cards may also be autographed by the card designer or by a person famous for using that card. The value of an autographed card has been debated, often depending on who has autographed it or the scarcity of the autograph. In some cases, an autograph can be seen as damage to the card, or graffiti.[30][36] Collecting It is often said that when playing a CCG, the best way to obtain the cards you desire is not via booster packs, but by buying the individual singles you need for your deck.[37] Purchasing booster packs is often seen as a form of gambling, since you do not know which cards you will receive until after your purchase.[30] Even though the price for an individual card may be more than the price of booster pack, you will likely save money in the long run, as opposed to randomly getting one from a booster pack.[37] Catalogs Trading card catalogs are available both online and offline for enthusiast.[38] They are mainly used as an educational tool and to identify cards. Online catalogs also contain additional resources for collection management and communication between collectors. Terminology Phrase Definition 9-pocket page A plastic sheet used to store and protect up card in nine card slots, and then stored in a card binder 9-Up Sheet Uncut sheets of nine cards, usually promos. Autograph Card Printed insert cards that also bear an original cast or artist signature. Base Set Complete sets of base cards for a particular card series. Binder A binder used to store cards using 9-card page holders. Break An online service where someone (usually for the exchange of currency) opens packages of trading cards and sends them to the buyer. Breaks have "spots" for sale, typically sorted by team. Blaster Box A factory sealed box with typically 6 to 12 packs of cards. Typically sold at large retail stores such as Walmart and Target. Box Original manufacturer's containers of multiple packs, often 24 to 36 packs per box. Box Topper Card Cards included in a factory sealed box. Blister Pack Factory plastic bubble packs of cards or packs, for retail peg-hanger sales. Card sleeve Sleeves that cards are to be put in to protect the cards. Cartophily Hobby of collecting trading cards, mostly cigarette cards. Case Factory-sealed crates filled with card boxes, often six to twelve card boxes per case. Chase Card Card, or cards, included as a bonus in a factory sealed case. Common Card Non-rare cards that form the main set. Also known as base cards. Factory Set Card sets, typically complete base sets, sorted and sold from the manufacturer.[32] Hobby Card Items sold mainly to collectors, through stores that deal exclusively in collectible cards. Usually contains some items not included in the retail offerings. Insert card Non-rare to rare cards that are randomly inserted into packs, at various ratios (e.g. 1 card per 24 packs). An insert card is often different from the base set in appearance and numbering. Also known as chase cards.[39] Master Set Not well defined; often a base set and all readily available insert sets; typically does not include promos, mail-in cards, sketch cards, or autograph cards. Oversized Card Any base, common, insert, or other cards not of standard or widevision size. Parallel Card A modified base card, which may contain extra foil stamping, hologram stamping that distinguishes the card from the base card. Pack Original wrappers with base, and potentially insert, cards within, often called 'wax packs', typically with two to eight cards per pack. Today, the packs are usually plastic or foil wrap. Topps has recently been using eco-friendly paper packets to combat plastic wastage. Retail Card Cards, packs, boxes and cases sold to the public, typically via large retail stores, such as K-mart or Wal-Mart. Rack Pack Factory pack of unwrapped cards, for retail peg-hanger sales. Promo Card Cards that are distributed, typically in advance, by the manufacturer to promote upcoming products. Redemption Card Insert cards found in packs that are mailed (posted) to the manufacturer for a special card or some other gift. Sell Sheet Also 'ad slicks'. Usually one page, but increasingly fold-outs, distributed by the manufacturers to card distributors, in advance, to promote upcoming products. With the proliferation of the Internet, sell sheets are now typically distributed in digital form to trading card media so that collectors can preview sets months before they are released.[40] Singles Individual cards sold at hobby or online stores. Sketch Card Insert cards that feature near-one-of-a-kind artists sketches. Swatch Insert cards that feature a mounted swatch of cloth, such as from a sports player's jersey or an actor's costume. Tin Factory metal cans, typically filled with cards or packs, often with inserts. Top Loader A hard plastic sleeve used to store a single card to prevent scratches, corner damage and other blemishes. Unreleased Card Cards printed by the manufacturer, but not officially distributed for a variety of reasons. Often leaked to the public, sometimes improperly. Not to be confused with promo cards. Uncut Sheet Sheets of uncut base, insert, promo, or other cards. Wrapper Original pack covers, often with collectible variations. Sports cards Sports card is a generic term for a trading card with a sports-related subject, as opposed to non-sports trading cards that deal with other topics. Sports cards were among the earliest forms of collectibles. They typically consist of a picture of a player on one side, with statistics or other information on the reverse. Cards have been produced featuring most major sports, especially those played in North America, including, but not limited to, American football, association football (soccer), baseball, basketball, boxing, golf, ice hockey, racing and tennis. The first set with a sporting theme appeared in 1896, a cricket series by W.D. & H.O. Wills of 50 cricketers. The tobacco companies soon realised that sports cards were a great way to obtain brand loyalty. In 1896 the first association football set, "Footballers & Club Colours", was published by Marcus & Company, a small firm in Manchester. Other football sets issued at that time were "Footballers & Club Colours" (Kinner, 1898); "Footballers" (J. F. Bell, 1902); "Footballers" (F. J. Smith, 1902) and "Footballers" (Percy E. Cadle, 1904).[41] The first stage in the development of sports cards, during the second half of the 19th century, is essentially the story of baseball cards, since baseball was the first sport to become widely professionalized. Hockey cards also began to appear early in the 20th century. Cards from this period are commonly known as cigarette cards or tobacco cards, because many were produced by tobacco companies and inserted into cigarette packages, to stiffen cigarette packaging and advertise cigarette brands. One of the most expensive cards in the hobby is a cigarette card of Honus Wagner in a set called 1909 T-206. The story told is that Wagner was against his cards being inserted into something that children would collect. So the production of his cards stopped abruptly. It is assumed that less than 100 of his cards exist in this set. The 1909 T-206 Honus Wagner card has sold for as much as $2.8 million.[42] More recently, on August 28, 2022, a Mickey Mantle baseball card (Topps; #311; SGC MT 9.5) was sold for $12.600 million.[15] Sets of cards are issued with each season for major professional sports. Since companies typically must pay players for the right to use their images, the vast majority of sports cards feature professional athletes. Amateurs appear only rarely, usually on cards produced or authorized by the institution they compete for, such as a college. Many older sports cards (pre-1980) command a high price today; this is because they are hard to find, especially in good quality condition. This happened because many children used to place their cards in bicycle spokes, where the cards were easily damaged. Rookie cards of Hall of Fame sports stars can command thousands of dollars if they have been relatively well-preserved. In the 1980s, sports cards started to get produced in higher numbers, and collectors started to keep their cards in better condition as they became increasingly aware of their potential investment value. This trend continued well into the 1990s. This practice caused many of the cards manufactured during this era to stay low in value, due to their high numbers. The proliferation of cards saturated the market, and by the late 1990s, card companies began to produce scarcer versions of cards to keep many collectors interested. The latest trends in the hobby have been "game used memorabilia" cards, which usually feature a piece of a player's jersey worn in a real professional game; other memorabilia cards include pieces of bats, balls, hats, helmets, and floors. Authenticated autographs are also popular, as are "serially numbered" cards, which are produced in much smaller amounts than regular "base set cards". Autographs obtained by card manufacturers have become the most collected baseball cards in the hobby's history. This started in 1990 in baseball when Upper Deck randomly inserted autographs of Reggie Jackson into boxes. They are commonly referred to as "Certified Autographed Inserts" or "CAI's". Both the athlete's and card company's reputations are on the line if they do not personally sign these cards. This has created the most authentic autographs in existence.[citation needed] These cards all have some form of printed statements that the autographs are authentic, this way, no matter who owns the autograph there is no question of its authenticity. CAI's have branched out into autographs of famous actors, musicians, Presidents, and even Albert Einstein. Mostly these autographs are cut from flat items such as postcards, index cards, and plain paper. Then they are pasted onto cards. In 2001, a company called Playoff started obtaining autographs on stickers that are stuck on the cards instead of them actually signing the cards. There is strong opposition against these types of autographs because the players never even saw the cards that the stickers were affixed to.[citation needed] Association football Main article: Association football trading card Early association football card by Churchman, 1909 The first association football (or "soccer") cards were produced in 1898 by the Marcus & Company Tobacco in Manchester, England.[43] The set consisted of over 100 cards and was issued under the title of "Club Colours". They featured illustrated images of players on the front of the card, and a tobacco advertisement on the back of the card. Many other cigarette companies quickly created their own series, beginning with Kinner in 1898.[44] A later series of cards was produced in 1934 by Ardath, which was a 50-card set called Famous Footballers featuring images of players on the front of the card, and a tobacco advertisement and short biography of the player on the back of the card. Modern association football trading cards were sold with bubble gum in the United Kingdom from 1958 to 1975 by A&BC, and later by Topps, UK from 1975 to 1981. Similar smaller sized cards were issued in Spain and Italy beginning in the late 1940s. Cards have been produced from 1981 to present, save 1985 and 1986.[45][46][47][48] Under its Merlin brand, since 1994 Topps has held the licence to produce stickers for the Premier League sticker album.[49] Launched by Topps in the 2007–08 season, Match Attax, the official Premier League trading card game, is the best selling boys collectable in the UK – with around 1.5m collectors in the UK – and with global sales it is also the biggest selling sports trading card game in the world.[49][50] Sticker trade in Brazil for Panini’s 2018 World Cup sticker album Other variations of football products exist, such as marbles, cut-outs, coins, stamps and stickers, some made of light cardboard and attached with glue or stickers, into sticker albums specifically issued for the products. Forming a partnership with FIFA in 1970, Panini first produced a World Cup sticker album for the 1970 World Cup.[51][52] Initiating a craze for collecting and trading stickers, since then, it has become part of the World Cup experience, especially for the younger generation.[53][54] The Guardian states, “the tradition of swapping duplicate [World Cup] stickers was a playground fixture during the 1970s and 1980s.”[53] Panini begins assembling World Cup squads for their sticker album a few months before they are officially announced by each nation, which means surprise call ups often don’t feature in their album. A notable example of this was 17-year-old Brazilian striker Ronaldo who was called up for the Brazil squad for the 1994 FIFA World Cup.[55] Panini’s football trading card game Adrenalyn XL was introduced in 2009. In 2010 Panini released a UEFA Champions League edition of Adrenalyn XL, containing 350 cards from 22 of the competing clubs, including defending champions FC Barcelona. The fourth edition of Panini FIFA 365 Adrenalyn XL was released for 2019, featuring top clubs, teams and players.[56] In 2022, Indonesian manufacturer FanGir established a partnership with PT Liga Indonesia Baru to introduce the inaugural BRI Liga 1 trading card collection.[citation needed] Australian rules football Main article: Australian rules football card A 1906 Dungey Ralph Sweet Nell cigarette card featuring Port Adelaide player Sinclair Dickson. Australian rules football cards are almost exclusively found in Australia as no top-level leagues are present outside the country. The first Australian rules football cards were produced in conjunction with Goodwin & Co's Old Judge Cigarettes in the late 1880s.[57] In the set were Australian celebrities which included Australian rules footballers from Victoria and South Australia.[58] Other companies that issued earlier football cards were W.D. & H.O. Wills in 1905,[59] and Sniders & Abrahams (featuring scenes of matches in 1908 and then releasing other sets with portraits of football players in the 1910s, all in full color). In the 1930s, the Australian division of British Godfrey Phillips Co. released a set of football cards. By the same time, Hoadleys, a local confectionery company, released a set of illustrated cards. Another confectionery company, Clarke-Ellis, also released its own set of cards.[60] Other companies that launched cards sets in the 1930s were Pals Periodical, Plaistowe & Co., Carreras (two illustrated sets in 1933, the first of them with footballers caricatures by Bob Miram), Giant Licorice Cigarettes, MacRobertson's and W.D. & H.O. Wills, among others.[60] The most popular set of Australian rules football cards are often the considered to be the 1963 Scanlens card set. Select Australia is currently the longest continuously operating and largest producer of Australian rules football cards.[61] Prices for Australian rules football cards can be relatively high compared to other sporting codes in Australia. This is illustrated for both vintage and modern cards, such as an 1894 American Tobacco Company card featuring Essendon player Will Crebbin which sold for $10,110 in 2018 and a 2004 Select AFL Conquest Triple Brownlow Medallist signature card featuring Nathan Buckley, Adam Goodes and Mark Ricciuto which was valued at $3,000 in 2018.[62][63] Baseball Main article: Baseball card A 1954 Bowman card of Mickey Mantle Baseball cards will usually feature one or more baseball players or other baseball-related sports figures. The front of the card typically displays an image of the player with identifying information, including, but not limited to, the player's name and team affiliation. The reverse of most modern cards displays statistics and/or biographical information. Cards are most often found in the United States; however, they are also common in countries such as Canada, Cuba, and Japan, where baseball is a popular sport and there are professional leagues. The earliest baseball cards were in the form of trade cards produced in 1868.[64] They evolved into tobacco cards by 1886.[65][66] In the early 20th century, other industries began printing their own version of baseball cards to promote their products, such as bakery/bread cards, caramel cards, dairy cards, game cards and publication cards. Between the 1930s and 1960s, the cards developed into trading cards, becoming their own product. In 1957, Topps changed the dimensions of its cards slightly, to 2-1/2 inches by 3-1/2 inches, setting a standard that remains the basic format for most sports cards produced in the United States.[67] In 2005, the long-standing sports card producer Fleer went bankrupt and was bought out by Upper Deck. Not long after that, Donruss lost its MLB license. Since 2009, Topps has held exclusive rights to produce MLB-licensed baseball cards.[68] Basketball Main article: Basketball card Basketball cards feature one or more players of the NBA, NCAA, Olympic basketball, WNBA, WBL, or some other basketball-related theme. The first basketball cards were produced in 1910, in a series cataloged as "College Athlete Felts B-33". The complete series included ten different sports, with only 30 cards being associated with basketball. The cards were issued as a cigarette redemption premium by Egyptiene Cigarettes.[69] The number of cigarette packages needed to redeem for the tobacco cards is not known. The next series of basketball cards were issued in 1911, in two separate series; "T6 College Series", measuring approximately 6" by 8", and "T51 College Series", measuring approximately 2" by 3". These series included a variety of sports, with only 4 cards being associated with basketball,[70] one card from the T6 series and three cards from the T51 series. Both series were produced in two variations, one variation reading "College Series", the other, "2nd Series". The cards were acquired in trade for fifteen Murad cigarette coupons. The offer expired June 30, 1911.[71] Basketball cards were not seen again until 1932, when C.A. Briggs Chocolate issued a 31-card set containing multiple sports. In exchange for a completed set of cards, Briggs offered baseball equipment.[72] The number of basketball cards in the set is not known. Boxing One of the first boxing cards on record in "America's Greatest Boxing Cards" and encyclopedia and check-list of boxing cards, was of John C. Heenan issued by photographs Charles D. Fredericks in the 1860s. The first set of boxer cards was issued by Goodwin & Company in 1886. Other companies, including Duke and Sons and the Lorillard Tobacco Company, also issued boxing cards in this period.[73] American company Allen & Ginter issued several boxing cards in the "World Champions" series, among other sportsmen.[73] After the World War II, other companies took over the manufacturing of boxing cards, such as Leaf (1948), Topps (1951) and Donruss.[73] More recently, Upper Deck released several boxing series.[74] In March 2023, Indonesian trading card manufacturer, FanGir, released their debut "Legacy" collection that featured Indonesian Boxing Legends Chris John and Daud Yordan. The collection includes a standout item: the Chris John Autographed Card 1/1 Red Foil. Notably, this card achieved a groundbreaking sale at an auction, fetching IDR 6,900,000 and attaining the distinction of being the most valuable Indonesian Trading Card at that time. Cricket Cricket cards usually feature one or more players or a cricket-related theme. One of the first cricket collections was released by tobacco company W.D. & H.O. Wills in 1896. Other companies that released cricket collections were Australian Sniders & Abrahams in 1905,[75] and Capstan (a Wills brand) in 1909–10.[76] Alexander Boguslavsky Ltd. also released an illustrated sports collection (that included cricket) in 1925.[77] In modern times, cricket cards have been produced by Futera (1993–98)[78] and Topps. Cycling Panini released collections of some of the most famous bicycle races in Europe, such as the Tour de France[79] and the Giro d'Italia.[80] Gridiron football Main article: American football card A gridiron football card is a type of collectible trading card typically printed on paper stock or card stock that features one or more American football, Canadian football or World League of American Football players or other related sports figures. These cards are most often found in the United States and Canada where the sport is popular. Most football cards features National Football League players. There are also Canadian Football League and college football cards. Player cards normally list the player's statistics. Golf Golf cards will usually feature one or more golf players or a golf-related theme. Golf cards were first introduced in 1901 by Ogden.[81] Horse racing Horse racing cards will usually feature jockeys or an equestrian related theme. Ice hockey Main article: Hockey card Albert Kerr, player of the Ottawa Senators, in a hockey card by Imperial Tobacco Canada, c. 1910–11 The first hockey cards were included in cigarette packages from 1910 to 1913. After World War I, only one more cigarette set was issued, during the 1924–25 season by Champ's Cigarettes. NHL player Billy Coutu's biography includes an example of one of the 40 cards issued at that time. During the 1920s, some hockey cards were printed by food and candy companies, such as Paulin's Candy, Maple Crispette, Crescent, Holland Creameries and La Patrie. Through 1941, O-Pee-Chee printed hockey cards, stopping production for World War II. Presumably, the 1941 involvement of the US in the war affected the hockey card market, since Canada had been in the war since 1939. Hockey cards next appeared during 1951–52, issued by Shirriff Desserts, York Peanut Butter and Post Cereal. Toronto's Parkhurst Products Company began printing cards in 1951, followed by Brooklyn's Topps Chewing Gum in 1954–1955. O-Pee-Chee and Topps did not produce cards in 1955 or 1956, but returned for 1957–58. Shirriff also issued "hockey coins." Lacrosse Lacrosse cards will usually feature one or more lacrosse players or another lacrosse-related theme. Netball With the Suncorp Super Netball competition in Australia Tap'n'Play decided to enter the Netball trading card market. In 2018 they produced their first very basic release but in 2019 they have ramped it with a release full of colour and signature cards. Racing Racing cards consist of a card stock with stats and pictures on it. Sometimes it shows the car, sometimes it shows the driver's face, and sometimes both. It also shows the endorsing companies for the car. In September 2020, it was announced[82] that Topps has signed an exclusive worldwide agreement to become the Official Sticker and Trading Card Licensee of Formula 1. Rugby League Main article: Rugby card Rugby League cards were first produced in England in 1895. Initially these were produced as part of a multi-sport series. Early in the 1920s the first dedicated Rugby League series was produced, featuring star players from the Northern Union, as the English based Rugby Football League was then known. These were followed shortly after by cards produced in Australia, New Zealand, and Wales. Rugby League trading cards are popular in Australia, with sets having been produced annually since 1968. These sets primarily featured players from the Sydney based New South Wales Rugby Football League, with some sets also being produced featuring players from the Brisbane based Queensland Rugby League. In 1988 the New South Wales Rugby League expanded to become a de facto national league, and the cards were branded accordingly as "Australian Rugby League" cards in 1995, and "National Rugby League" cards in 1998. Rugby Union Main article: Rugby card Rugby Union cards have been produced since the 1880s. However, production has been sporadic, with limited interest post-1940. Surfing In 1993 Futera trading card company produced its first surfing trading card release Hot Surf with a similar release following in 1994 and 1995. These are the only three surfing trading card release for the Australian market. Upper Deck has also produced surfing trading cards as a part of its annual Goodwins champion release and World of Sport series. Sumo Sumo cards consist of sports card that features one or more sumo wrestlers (sumoists) or another sumo-related theme. Tennis From the early 1900s through to the 1980s several companies produced tennis trading cards as part of general sports card promotional release or exclusive tennis card release. One of these being W.A. & A.C. Churchman tobacco company Men of the Moment in sport release of 1936. They also produced an exclusive lawn tennis release in 1928. In 1983, Robinson's Barley Water produced a Sporting Records series. These cards featured many tennis superstars of the era like Billie Jean King. In 1986 Panini trading cards produced a Supersport series featuring tennis trading cards. In 1996, the Intrepid trading card company produced the only Australian market tennis trading card release " Blitz ". During the 1990s and early 2000s, the major players in the international tennis trading card market have been NetPro, Leaf and Ace Authentic. Upper Deck has also produced tennis trading cards as part of its Goodwin's Champions annual series. Wrestling Wrestling and pro wrestling cards will usually feature one or more wrestlers or another Wrestling-related theme. Manufacturers This list contains companies that produce, or have produced, sports trading cards. This list does not contain all the brand names associated with their respective manufacturers. Manufacturer Assoc. football Austr. football Baseball Basketball Boxing Cricket Golf Gridiron football Ice hockey Racing Rugby Tennis Ace Authentic[83] No No No No No No No No No No No Yes Action Packed[84] No No Yes Yes No No Yes No Yes Yes No No Allen & Ginter No No Yes No No No No No No No No No Allworld [85] No No No No Yes No Yes No No No No No American Tobacco [note 1] No No Yes No No Yes No No No No No Yes Best [86] No No Yes No No No No No No No No No Bowman [note 2] No No Yes Yes No No Yes Yes No No No No Churchman Yes No No No Yes Yes Yes No No No Yes Yes Classic Games, Inc. [note 3] No No Yes Yes No No Yes No Yes Yes No Yes Collect-A-Card [95] No No No Yes No No No No No No No No Collector's Edge [96] No No No Yes No No Yes Yes Yes No No Yes Courtside [97] No No No Yes No No Yes No No No No No Donruss [note 4] No No Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Extreme Sports [100] No No No No No No Yes No No No No No FanGir[citation needed] Yes No No Yes Yes No No No No No No Yes Fleer [note 5] No No Yes Yes No No Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Futera Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Yes Yes No Front Row [102] No No Yes Yes No No Yes No No No No No Gallaher Yes No No No No Yes No No No No No No Genuine Article [103] No No No Yes No No No No No No No No Godfrey Phillips Yes Yes No No No No No No No No No No Goodwin & Company No Yes Yes No No No No No No No No No Goudey[104] No No Yes No No No No No No No No No Grand Slam Ventures [105] No No No No No No Yes No No No No No Grandstand [106] No No Yes No No No No No No No No No Hi-Tech [107] No No No No No No No No No Yes No No JOGO Inc.[108] No No No No No No Yes No No No No No Just Minors [109] No No Yes No No No No No No No No No Kayo No No No No Yes No No No No No No No Leaf, Inc. [note 6] No No Yes No Yes No Yes No No No No No Maxx[111] No No No No No No No No No Yes No No Multi-Ad [112] No No Yes No No No No No No No No No National Chicle[113] No No Yes No No No No No No No No No NetPro [114] No No No No No No No No No No No Yes O-Pee-Chee[115] No No Yes No No No Yes No Yes No No No Pacific [note 7] Yes No Yes Yes No No Yes No Yes No No No Panini Group Yes No Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Parkhurst[117][118] No No No No No No Yes No Yes No No No Philadelphia Gum No No Yes No No No No Yes No No No No Pinnacle Brands [note 8] No No Yes Yes No No Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Press Pass, Inc.[121] No No Yes Yes No No Yes No No Yes No No Pro Set[122] Yes No No Yes No No Yes Yes Yes Yes No No ProCards [123] No No Yes No No No No No Yes No No No Razor Entertainment[124] No No Yes No No No Yes No No No No No Rittenhouse [125] No No No Yes No No No No No Yes No No Royal Rookies [126] No No Yes No No No Yes No No No No No SA-GE Collectibles, Inc.[127] No No No Yes No No Yes Yes No No No No Select Australia [128] Yes Yes No No No Yes No No No No Yes No Signature Rookies[129] No No Yes Yes No No Yes No Yes No No No SkyBox [note 9] No No Yes Yes No No Yes Yes Yes No No No Sniders & Abrahams No Yes No No No Yes No No No No No No Stampii [note 10] Yes No No Yes No No Yes No No Yes No No Star Co.[131] No No Yes Yes No No No No No No No No Star Pics [132] No No No Yes No No Yes No Yes No No No Superior Pix [133] No No No Yes No No Yes No No No No No Superior Rookies [134] No No No No No No Yes No No No No No Topps[135] Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Traks [136] No No No No No No No No No Yes No No Tristar[137] No No Yes No No No No No No No No No Upper Deck[138] Yes No Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes USA Baseball [139] No No Yes No No No No No No No No No Wild Card [140] No No No Yes No No Yes No No No No No Wizards of the Coast[141] Yes No Yes Yes No No No Yes No No No No Wills Yes Yes No No No Yes No No No No Yes No Wonder Bread No No Yes No No No Yes Yes Yes No No No Notes In most cases, ATC commercialised its card through its several brands of cigarettes. In other cases, non-baseball cards appeared on collections including various sports. Gum, Inc. from 1939 to 1941. Bowman Gum from 1948 to 1955. Includes trading cards manufactured under Play Ball. Topps acquired the company in 1956.[87][88][89][90][91] Includes trading cards manufactured under Classic Games, Inc., Classic/Scoreboard and Score Board.[92][93][94] Includes trading cards manufactured under Donruss and Donruss/Playoff.[98][99] Manufactured trading cards from 1959 to 2005, save 1964, 1965 and 1967. Upper Deck acquired the brand name in 2005.[101] Manufactured trading cards from 1948 to 1960.[110] Manufactured trading cards from 1984 to 2005. Donruss/Playoff acquired their brand names in 2005.[116] Includes trading cards manufactured under Sportflics and Pinnacle/Score.[119][120] Manufactured trading cards from 1990 to 1995. Fleer acquired SkyBox in 1995.[130] Spanish company established in 2009 that released digital cards only.[25][26] Non-sports cards Further information: Non-sports trading card, Collectible card game, List of collectible card games, and List of non-sports trading cards Non-sports trading cards feature subject material relating to anything other than sports, such as comics, movies, music and television.[142] Supersisters was a set of 72 trading cards produced and distributed in the United States in 1979 by Supersisters, Inc, featuring famous women from politics, media and entertainment, culture, and other areas of achievement. The cards were designed in response to the trading cards popular among children in the US at the time which mostly featured men. The following list includes companies that, apart from producing sports cards, manufacture/have manufactured non-sports cards as well: For companies that produce non-sports cards exclusively, see Non-sports manufacturers Non-sports cards produced by companies that also make sports cards Manufacturer Comic book Historic events Humor Merchand./ Toys Music Movie/ Television Nature/ Animals Allen & Ginter No Yes No No Yes No Yes Churchman No Yes No No Yes No Yes Donruss No Yes No No Yes Yes No Fleer Yes No Yes No No Yes Yes Futera No No No Yes No Yes No Godfrey Phillips No Yes No No No No Yes Leaf No No No No Yes Yes No O-Pee-Chee No No No No Yes Yes No Panini Yes No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Philadelphia Gum No Yes No No No Yes No Pro Set No Yes No No Yes Yes Yes Topps Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes SkyBox Yes No No No No No Yes Upper Deck Yes No Yes No Yes Yes No Wills No Yes No No Yes No Yes Wonder Bread No No No No Yes No No Counterfeits Fake cards are made to imitate real cards and often sold into the card market. In November 1995, Canadian police were notified of counterfeiters in the Windsor, Ontario area. The police seized 40,000 fake Magic: the Gathering cards, including film plates.[143] See also Artist trading card Advertising postcard Card sleeve Card binder Corner card Echte Wagner Postcard Trade card References "Baseball Card History, News, and Reviews". CardboardConnection.com. The Cardboard Connection. Archived from the original on 1 September 2012. Retrieved 16 May 2012. What is what we collect? by Sam Whiting, 26 Oct 2014 Trading Card Central. 2007. 29 Jan. 2008 "The History of Cartophily". Archived from the original on May 23, 2013. "Cigarette Cards and Cartophily". Retrieved 14 February 2018. "Cigarette Card Guide (Collectibles) History and Grading". Retrieved 14 February 2018. "Early Trade Cards". www.cycleback.com. "The History of the T206 Honus Wagner Baseball Card". CardboardConnection.com. The Cardboard Connection. 2 March 2012. Retrieved 16 May 2012. "Tobacco Baseball Cards". www.baseball-almanac.com. Retrieved 14 February 2018. "The History of Goudey Gum Company". Professional Sports Authenticator (PSA). Archived from the original on July 15, 2011. "1933 Goudey Baseball Cards". CardboardConnection.com. The Cardboard Connection. Retrieved 16 May 2012. "1951 Topps Baseball Cards". CardboardConnection.com. The Cardboard Connection. Retrieved 16 May 2012. "1952 Topps Baseball Cards". CardboardConnection.com. The Cardboard Connection. Retrieved 16 May 2012. "Mickey Mantle's Rookie Card Guide". CardboardConnection.com. The Cardboard Connection. Retrieved 16 May 2012. Albeck-Ripka, Livia (August 28, 2022). "Baseball Card Sold for $12.6 Million, Breaking Record - The 1952 Topps Mickey Mantle baseball card is the most valuable piece of sports memorabilia ever to be sold at auction". The New York Times. Retrieved August 29, 2022. Monagan, Matt (August 31, 2022). "The man who sold the most valuable sports card of all time - Anthony Giordano got a record $12.6 million for a 1952 Topps Mickey Mantle". MLB. Retrieved August 31, 2022. "Topps History". Archived from the original on 2010-04-01. Retrieved 2019-01-04. Star Wars Super Collector's Wish Book Identification and Values, Geoffrey T. Carlton, Collector Books, Paducah, KY, ISBN 1-57432-289-3 "Barren AARON's GPK World". members.tripod.com. Retrieved 14 February 2018. "How Gum and Baseball Cards Became Intertwined". www.foodandwine.com. Retrieved 10 January 2021. "Visual Guide to Topps Baseball Wrappers - 1951-2011". www.cardboardconnection.com. 27 January 2012. Retrieved 10 January 2021. Pace, Michael (11 September 2015). "Computer-based trading card system and method". Michael Pace Digital. Retrieved 22 August 2021. "eTopps Brand Retired". etopps.com. Topps. Archived from the original on 2012-02-07. Retrieved 16 May 2012. "Digital Card Games Report". Superdata. 2014. La española Stampii lanza colecciones de cromos digitales by Javier Martín on El País, 8 Apr 2010 Stampii, coleccionismo multimedia que aprovecha al máximo las TIC by Nacho Azcona on Sportics, 4 Apr 2012 "Wildcat Intellectual Property Holdings Lawsuit". Archived from the original on 2017-02-16. Retrieved 14 February 2018. "Marvel Avengers Hero Attax Series 4". Swapstick. 2014. "Dan's Sports Cards & Games Sell". Archived from the original on 2011-08-23. Retrieved 2011-08-02. Owens, Thomas S.; Helmer, Diana Star (1996), Inside Collectible Card Games, p. 13 Brown, Timothy (1999), Official Price Guide to Collectible Card Games, p. 5 "Frequently Asked Questions". Major League Baseball. Retrieved May 15, 2010. Thomas, Ian (2023-03-30). "How Fanatics and MLB are planning to keep the trading card boom going". CNBC. Retrieved 2023-11-11. "Trading Card Grading Guide". CardboardConnection.com. The Cardboard Connection. Retrieved 16 May 2012. Grading Cards - BGS, Beckett, archived from the original on June 8, 2010, retrieved April 29, 2010 Miller, John Jackson (2003), Scrye Collectible Card Game Checklist & Price Guide, Second Edition, p. 48. Kaufeld, John; Smith, Jeremy (2006). Trading Card Games For Dummies. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0470044071. "Colnect Is A No-Frills Collectibles Marketplace And Wiki. Someone Wake Up David Cowan!". TechCrunch. 14 June 2009. Retrieved 2019-02-25. Melia, Terry (June 28, 2006). "Baseball cards 101: The art of collecting". Major League Baseball. Retrieved May 17, 2010. "Sports Card Set Database". CardboardConnection.com. The Cardboard Connection. Retrieved 16 May 2012. The History of Football Cigarette Cards on Spartacus Educational "Honus Wagner card sells for record $2.8 million". ESPN. September 6, 2007. Retrieved May 11, 2010. International Soccer Archives "Football Cigarette Cards". Spartacus Educational. Retrieved June 21, 2018. "Soccer 1970s". Beckett. Retrieved May 11, 2010.[permanent dead link] "Soccer 1980s". Beckett. Retrieved May 11, 2010.[permanent dead link] "Soccer 1990s". Beckett. Retrieved May 11, 2010.[permanent dead link] "Soccer 2000s". Beckett. Retrieved May 11, 2010.[permanent dead link] "Topps". Premier League.com. Retrieved 5 October 2018. "Impressive sales figures show Topps Match Attax to be an immediate hit". Talking Retail.com. Retrieved 6 October 2018. "Brand collaborations". FIFA.com. Archived from the original on May 8, 2015. Retrieved 8 September 2018. "Panini World Cup 2018 stickers: When is the iconic sticker album release date? And how much will it cost?". London Evening Standard. Retrieved 8 September 2018. "Panini World Cup sticker book". The Guardian. Retrieved 3 September 2018. “The Magic, Global Craze and Tradition of Panini's World Cup Sticker Albums”. Sports Illustrated. Retrieved 2 September 2018 "Watch: Got, Got, Need! The Story of Panini Stickers – a FourFourTwo Films exclusive". FourFourTwo. Retrieved 4 October 2018. "Panini FIFA 365 Adrenalyn XL". Adrenalyn. Retrieved 22 October 2018. "Is this football's oldest footy card? - carltonfc.com.au". carltonfc.com.au. Retrieved 2018-03-28. Green, Damien (28 March 2018). "Goodwin & Co (Old Judge Cigarettes) Celebrity Series". aussierulescollectables.com.au. The History of Football Cigarette Cards by John Simkin, on Spartacus Educational, September 1997 "Austrlian Rules Footy Cards 1931 to 1940". members.optusnet.com.au. "Select Cards". Select Australia. Milne, Rick (2018). Rick's Rarity (Round 8): Will Crebbin. Melbourne: AFL Record. p. 70. Randall, Michael (August 20, 2018). "Gary Ablett Snr and Jr team up with signature trading card as collecting experiences renaissance". Herald Sun. Rudd, David E. "Early Trade Cards". Cycleback. Retrieved May 11, 2010. Rudd, David E. "Tobacco Era Part I: Introduction". Cycleback. Retrieved May 11, 2010. Rudd, David E. "Tobacco Era Part 2". Cycleback. Retrieved May 11, 2010. Brioso, Cesar; Dodd, Mike (March 27, 2001). "Topps facts". USA Today. Retrieved May 11, 2010. Hajducky, Dan (August 19, 2021). "Fanatics strikes deal to become exclusive licensee for MLB cards". ESPN. Retrieved April 24, 2024. "1910 College Athlete Felts B-33 Card Collection". Beckett. Retrieved May 13, 2010.[permanent dead link] "College Series T51 * Card Collection". Vintage Non-Sports Cards. Retrieved March 9, 2016. "1911 Murad College Series T51 * Card Collection". Beckett. Retrieved May 13, 2010.[permanent dead link] "1932 C.A.Briggs Chocolate * Card Collection". Beckett. Retrieved May 13, 2010.[permanent dead link] Aaron Tallent. (Sunday Jun 14, 2009). The History Of Boxing Cards. In The Sweet Science. Retrieved August 19, 2010, from http://www.thesweetscience.com/boxing-article/6908/history-boxing-cards/ Archived 2010-08-28 at the Wayback Machine. "Canelo Alvarez Autograph Boxing Trading Cards Available from Upper Deck! | Upper Deck Blog". May 10, 2016. "Sniders & Abrahams trading cards - price guide and values". www.carters.com.au. Capstan cigarettes trading cards on Carter website Jenkins, Alan (February 26, 2014). "Football Cartophilic Info Exchange: Alexander Boguslavsky Ltd. / Turf Cigarettes - Sports Records - Series 2 (Nos. 26-50)". Cricket cards on Futera website Tour de France 2019 on PaniniGroup Giro d'Italia on PaniniGroup "1901 Ogden's Guinea Gold Cigarettes Card Collection". Beckett. Retrieved May 9, 2010.[permanent dead link] "Formula One". "Ace Authentic". Beckett. Archived from the original on June 16, 2010. Retrieved May 12, 2010. "Action Packed". Beckett. Archived from the original on June 16, 2010. Retrieved May 12, 2010. "Allworld". Beckett. Archived from the original on June 16, 2010. Retrieved May 12, 2010. "Best". Beckett. Archived from the original on September 4, 2010. Retrieved May 12, 2010. "Bowman (1948-55)". Beckett. Archived from the original on June 24, 2010. Retrieved May 12, 2010. "Gum Inc". Beckett. Archived from the original on August 8, 2008. Retrieved May 12, 2010. "1939 Play Ball". Beckett. Archived from the original on July 27, 2010. Retrieved May 12, 2010. "1940 Play Ball". Beckett. Retrieved May 12, 2010.[permanent dead link] "1941 Play Ball". Beckett. Retrieved May 12, 2010.[permanent dead link] "Classic". Beckett. Archived from the original on September 4, 2010. Retrieved May 12, 2010. "Classic/Scoreboard". Beckett. Archived from the original on September 4, 2010. Retrieved May 12, 2010. "Score Board". Beckett. Archived from the original on April 7, 2010. Retrieved May 12, 2010. "Collect-A-Card". Beckett. Archived from the original on September 4, 2010. Retrieved May 12, 2010. "Collector's Edge". Beckett. Archived from the original on July 20, 2010. Retrieved May 12, 2010. "Courtside". Beckett. Archived from the original on September 4, 2010. Retrieved May 12, 2010. "Donruss Inc". Beckett. Archived from the original on March 15, 2010. Retrieved May 12, 2010. "Donruss/Playoff". Beckett. Archived from the original on March 16, 2010. Retrieved May 12, 2010. "Extreme Sports". Beckett. Archived from the original on September 4, 2010. Retrieved May 12, 2010. "Fleer Inc". Beckett. Archived from the original on April 21, 2010. Retrieved May 12, 2010. "Front Row". Beckett. Archived from the original on April 10, 2010. Retrieved May 12, 2010. "Genuine Article". Beckett. Archived from the original on September 4, 2010. Retrieved May 12, 2010. "Goudey". Beckett. Archived from the original on August 4, 2010. Retrieved May 12, 2010. "Grand Slam Ventures". Beckett. Archived from the original on August 8, 2008. Retrieved May 12, 2010. "Grandstand". Beckett. Archived from the original on September 4, 2010. Retrieved May 12, 2010. "Hi-Tech". Beckett. Archived from the original on September 4, 2010. Retrieved May 12, 2010. "JOGO Inc". Beckett. Retrieved May 12, 2010.[permanent dead link] "Just". Beckett. Retrieved May 12, 2010.[permanent dead link] "Leaf (1948-60)". Beckett. Archived from the original on September 4, 2010. Retrieved May 12, 2010. "Maxx". Beckett. Archived from the original on August 8, 2008. Retrieved May 12, 2010. "Multi-Ad". Beckett. Archived from the original on December 16, 2008. Retrieved May 12, 2010. "National Chicle". Beckett. Archived from the original on September 4, 2010. Retrieved May 12, 2010. "NetPro". Beckett. Archived from the original on September 4, 2010. Retrieved May 12, 2010. "O-Pee-Chee". Beckett. Archived from the original on March 15, 2010. Retrieved May 12, 2010. MISL Pacific Trading Cards on Soccer Americana website "Parkhurst Products (1954-64)". Beckett. Archived from the original on September 4, 2010. Retrieved May 12, 2010. "Parkhurst Products". Beckett. Archived from the original on September 4, 2010. Retrieved May 12, 2010. "Sportflics". Beckett. Archived from the original on September 4, 2010. Retrieved May 12, 2010. "Pinnacle/Score". Beckett. Archived from the original on June 18, 2010. Retrieved May 12, 2010. "Press Pass, Inc". Beckett. Archived from the original on April 24, 2010. Retrieved May 12, 2010. "Pro Set". Beckett. Archived from the original on July 20, 2010. Retrieved May 12, 2010. "ProCards". Beckett. Archived from the original on August 9, 2010. Retrieved May 12, 2010. "Razor Entertainment". Beckett. Archived from the original on September 4, 2010. Retrieved May 12, 2010. "Rittenhouse". Beckett. Archived from the original on August 10, 2010. Retrieved May 12, 2010. "Royal Rookies". Beckett. Archived from the original on August 9, 2010. Retrieved May 12, 2010. "SA-GE Collectibles, Inc". Beckett. Archived from the original on April 30, 2010. Retrieved May 12, 2010. Collections checklist on Select Australia "Signature Rookies". Beckett. Archived from the original on September 4, 2010. Retrieved May 12, 2010. "SkyBox International". Beckett. Archived from the original on August 9, 2010. Retrieved May 12, 2010. "Star Co". Beckett. Archived from the original on April 30, 2010. Retrieved May 12, 2010. "Star Pics". Beckett. Archived from the original on September 4, 2010. Retrieved May 12, 2010. "Superior Pix". Beckett. Archived from the original on September 4, 2010. Retrieved May 12, 2010. "Superior Rookies". Beckett. Archived from the original on September 4, 2010. Retrieved May 12, 2010. "Topps". Beckett. Archived from the original on April 19, 2010. Retrieved May 12, 2010. "Traks". Beckett. Archived from the original on August 8, 2008. Retrieved May 12, 2010. "TRISTAR". Beckett. Archived from the original on June 14, 2010. Retrieved May 12, 2010. "Upper Deck". Beckett. Archived from the original on April 23, 2010. Retrieved May 12, 2010. "USA Baseball". Beckett. Archived from the original on August 8, 2008. Retrieved May 12, 2010. "Wild Card". Beckett. Archived from the original on September 4, 2010. Retrieved May 12, 2010. "Wizards Of The Coast". Beckett. Archived from the original on September 4, 2010. Retrieved May 12, 2010. "NSU Magazine: What is Non-Sport Update (NSU)?". Non-Sport Enterprises Inc. Archived from the original on May 13, 2011. Retrieved August 21, 2010. "Wizards of the Coast News - Magic Counterfeiters Nabbed", The Duelist, no. #15, p. 17, February 1997 External links Media related to Collectible cards at Wikimedia Commons vte Sports cards Sports American footballAssociation footballAustralian footballBaseballBasketballIce hockeyRugby Series Baseball All-Star Rookie teamAll-Star Rookie listBaseball menkoBaseball TalkT200 FatimaT201T202T205T206 Honus WagnerTy CobbT213Topps setsYankee Stadium LegacyW711-2 Cricket Will's 1928 set Ice hockey Power Players Manufacturers Allen & GinterAmerican TobaccoBritish American TobaccoBritish-Australasian TobaccoBowmanCapstanChurchman'sDonrussFleerFuteraGallaher GroupGodfrey PhillipsGoodwinGoudeyImperial Tobacco CanadaITGJohn Player & SonsLambert & ButlerLeaf (1940)Leaf (2010)LorillardMerlin PublishingO-Pee-CheePacificPaniniParkhurstPhiladelphiaPinnaclePro SetRazorSkyBoxSniders & AbrahamsToppsUpper DeckWillsWizards of the Coast People James BeckettSy BergerJefferson BurdickWoody GelmanDick Perez Media The American Card CatalogBaseball Card AdventuresBaseball Hobby NewsBeckett MediaThe Great American Baseball Card BookSports Collectors DigestTuff Stuff Related Error cardInsert cardJersey cardsList of most expensive sports cardsRefractor cardRookie card General topics Cigarette cardSports memorabiliaTrading card vte Non-sports trading cards Topics Collections listArtist trading cardsCollectible card game List Sets Civil War NewsDinosaurs Attack!Garbage Pail KidsHollywood ZombiesMars AttacksWacky Packages Manufacturers Allen & GinterBushiroadCapstanCartamundiChurchman'sCryptozoic EntertainmentDart FlipcardsDecipherDonrussDigimonFleerGodfrey PhillipsGoodwin & Co.Hidden CityMerlin PublishingMonsterwaxPacificPaniniSkyBoxToppsUpper DeckWebkinzWillsWizards of the Coast Media The American Card CatalogNon-Sport Update magazine Other topics Cigarette cardTrading card Authority control databases Edit this at Wikidata International FAST2 National United StatesFranceBnF dataIsrael Category: Trading cards The Beatles This article is about the band. For their eponymous album, see The Beatles (album). For other uses, see Beatles (disambiguation). "Beatle" and "Fab Four" redirect here. For the insect, see Beetle. For other uses, see Fab Four (disambiguation). The Beatles A square quartered into four head shots of young men with moptop haircuts. All four wear white shirts and dark coats. The Beatles in 1964; clockwise from top left: John Lennon, Paul McCartney, Ringo Starr and George Harrison Background information Origin Liverpool, England Genres Rockpopbeatpsychedelia Discography Albumssinglessongs Years active 1960–1970 Labels PolydorParlophoneTollieVee-JayCapitolSwanUnited ArtistsAtcoApple Spinoff of The Quarrymen Past members John Lennon Paul McCartney George Harrison Ringo Starr (see Personnel section for others) Website thebeatles.com The Beatles were an English rock band formed in Liverpool in 1960. The core lineup of the band comprised John Lennon, Paul McCartney, George Harrison and Ringo Starr. They are widely regarded as the most influential band in Western popular music and were integral to the development of 1960s counterculture and the recognition of popular music as an art form.[1][2] Rooted in skiffle, beat and 1950s rock 'n' roll, their sound incorporated elements of classical music and traditional pop in innovative ways. The band also explored music styles ranging from folk and Indian music to psychedelia and hard rock. As pioneers in recording, songwriting and artistic presentation, the Beatles revolutionised many aspects of the music industry and were often publicised as leaders of the era's youth and sociocultural movements.[3] Led by primary songwriters Lennon and McCartney, the Beatles evolved from Lennon's previous group, the Quarrymen, and built their reputation by playing clubs in Liverpool and Hamburg, Germany, over three years starting in 1960, initially with Stuart Sutcliffe playing bass. The core trio of Lennon, McCartney and Harrison, together since 1958, went through a succession of drummers, including Pete Best, before inviting Starr to join them in 1962. Manager Brian Epstein moulded them into a professional act, and producer George Martin guided and developed their recordings, greatly expanding their domestic success after they signed with EMI and achieved their first hit, "Love Me Do", in late 1962. As their popularity grew into the intense fan frenzy dubbed "Beatlemania", the band acquired the nickname "the Fab Four". Epstein, Martin or other members of the band's entourage were sometimes informally referred to as a "fifth Beatle". By early 1964, the Beatles were international stars and had achieved unprecedented levels of critical and commercial success. They became a leading force in Britain's cultural resurgence, ushering in the British Invasion of the United States pop market. They soon made their film debut with A Hard Day's Night (1964). A growing desire to refine their studio efforts, coupled with the challenging nature of their concert tours, led to the band's retirement from live performances in 1966. During this time, they produced albums of greater sophistication, including Rubber Soul (1965), Revolver (1966) and Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band (1967). They enjoyed further commercial success with The Beatles (also known as "the White Album", 1968) and Abbey Road (1969). The success of these records heralded the album era, as albums became the dominant form of record use over singles. These records also increased public interest in psychedelic drugs and Eastern spirituality, and furthered advancements in electronic music, album art and music videos. In 1968, they founded Apple Corps, a multi-armed multimedia corporation that continues to oversee projects related to the band's legacy. After the group's break-up in 1970, all principal former members enjoyed success as solo artists, and some partial reunions occurred. Lennon was murdered in 1980, and Harrison died of lung cancer in 2001. McCartney and Starr remain musically active. The Beatles are the best-selling music act of all time, with estimated sales of 600 million units worldwide.[4][5] They are the most successful act in the history of the US Billboard charts,[6] with the most number-one hits on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart (20), and they hold the record for most number-one albums on the UK Albums Chart (15) and most singles sold in the UK (21.9 million). The band received many accolades, including seven Grammy Awards, four Brit Awards, an Academy Award (for Best Original Song Score for the 1970 documentary film Let It Be) and fifteen Ivor Novello Awards. They were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in their first year of eligibility, 1988, and each principal member was individually inducted between 1994 and 2015. In 2004 and 2011, the group topped Rolling Stone's lists of the greatest artists in history. Time magazine named them among the 20th century's 100 most important people. History History of the Beatles The Beatles logo The QuarrymenIn HamburgAt the Cavern ClubDecca auditionBeatlemaniaNorth American releases"More popular than Jesus"In BangorIn IndiaBreak-upThe Beatles AnthologyTimeline vte 1956–1963: Formation The Quarrymen and name changes Main article: The Quarrymen In November 1956, sixteen-year-old John Lennon formed a skiffle group with several friends from Quarry Bank High School in Liverpool. They were called the Quarrymen, a reference to their school song "Quarry men old before our birth".[7] Fifteen-year-old Paul McCartney met Lennon on 6 July 1957 and joined as a rhythm guitarist shortly after.[8] In February 1958, McCartney invited his friend George Harrison, then aged fifteen, to watch the band. Harrison auditioned for Lennon, impressing him with his playing, but Lennon initially thought Harrison was too young. After a month's persistence, during a second meeting (arranged by McCartney), Harrison performed the lead guitar part of the instrumental song "Raunchy" on the upper deck of a Liverpool bus,[9] and they enlisted him as lead guitarist.[10][11] By January 1959, Lennon's Quarry Bank friends had left the group and he began his studies at the Liverpool College of Art.[12] The three guitarists, billing themselves as Johnny and the Moondogs,[13] were playing rock and roll whenever they could find a drummer.[14] They also performed as the Rainbows. Paul McCartney later told New Musical Express that they called themselves that "because we all had different coloured shirts and we couldn't afford any others!"[15] Lennon's art school friend Stuart Sutcliffe, who had just sold one of his paintings and was persuaded to purchase a bass guitar with the proceeds, joined in January 1960. He suggested changing the band's name to Beatals, as a tribute to Buddy Holly and the Crickets.[16][17] They used this name until May, when they became the Silver Beetles, before undertaking a brief tour of Scotland as the backing group for pop singer and fellow Liverpudlian Johnny Gentle. By early July, they had refashioned themselves as the Silver Beatles and by the middle of August simply the Beatles.[18] Early residencies and UK popularity Allan Williams, the Beatles' unofficial manager, arranged a residency for them in Hamburg. They auditioned and hired drummer Pete Best in mid-August 1960. The band, now a five-piece, departed Liverpool for Hamburg four days later, contracted to club owner Bruno Koschmider for what would be a 3½ -month residency.[19] Beatles historian Mark Lewisohn writes: "They pulled into Hamburg at dusk on 17 August, the time when the red-light area comes to life ... flashing neon lights screamed out the various entertainment on offer, while scantily clad women sat unabashed in shop windows waiting for business opportunities."[20] Koschmider had converted a couple of strip clubs in the Red light Reeperbahn district of St. Pauli into music venues and initially placed the Beatles at the Indra Club. After closing Indra due to noise complaints, he moved them to the Kaiserkeller in October.[21] When he learned they had been performing at the rival Top Ten Club in breach of their contract, he gave them one month's termination notice,[22] and reported the underage Harrison, who had obtained permission to stay in Hamburg by lying to the German authorities about his age.[23] The authorities arranged for Harrison's deportation in late November.[24] One week later, Koschmider had McCartney and Best arrested for arson after they set fire to a condom in a concrete corridor; the authorities deported them.[25] Lennon returned to Liverpool in early December, while Sutcliffe remained in Hamburg until late February with his German fiancée Astrid Kirchherr,[26] who took the first semi-professional photos of the Beatles.[27] During the next two years, the Beatles were resident for periods in Hamburg, where they used Preludin both recreationally and to maintain their energy through all-night performances.[28] In 1961, during their second Hamburg engagement, Kirchherr cut Sutcliffe's hair in the "exi" (existentialist) style, later adopted by the other Beatles.[29][30] Later on, Sutcliffe decided to leave the band early that year and resume his art studies in Germany. McCartney took over bass.[31] Producer Bert Kaempfert contracted what was now a four-piece group until June 1962, and he used them as Tony Sheridan's backing band on a series of recordings for Polydor Records.[17][32] As part of the sessions, the Beatles were signed to Polydor for one year.[33] Credited to "Tony Sheridan & the Beat Brothers", the single "My Bonnie", recorded in June 1961 and released four months later, reached number 32 on the Musikmarkt chart.[34] After the Beatles completed their second Hamburg residency, they enjoyed increasing popularity in Liverpool with the growing Merseybeat movement. However, they were growing tired of the monotony of numerous appearances at the same clubs night after night.[35] In November 1961, during one of the group's frequent performances at the Cavern Club, they encountered Brian Epstein, a local record-store owner and music columnist.[36] He later recalled: "I immediately liked what I heard. They were fresh, and they were honest, and they had what I thought was a sort of presence ... [a] star quality."[37] First EMI recordings Epstein courted the band over the next couple of months, and they appointed him as their manager in January 1962.[38] Throughout early and mid-1962, Epstein sought to free the Beatles from their contractual obligations to Bert Kaempfert Productions. He eventually negotiated a one-month early release in exchange for one last recording session in Hamburg.[39] On their return to Germany in April, a distraught Kirchherr met them at the airport with news of Sutcliffe's death the previous day from a brain haemorrhage.[40] Epstein began negotiations with record labels for a recording contract. To secure a UK record contract, Epstein negotiated an early end to the band's contract with Polydor, in exchange for more recordings backing Tony Sheridan.[41] After a New Year's Day audition, Decca Records rejected the band, saying, "Guitar groups are on the way out, Mr. Epstein".[42] However, three months later, producer George Martin signed the Beatles to EMI's Parlophone label.[40] A flight of stone steps leads from an asphalt car park up to the main entrance of a white two-story building. The ground floor has two sash windows, the first floor has three shorter sash windows. Two more windows are visible at basement level. The decorative stonework around the doors and windows is painted grey. Main entrance at EMI Studios (now Abbey Road Studios, pictured 2007) Martin's first recording session with the Beatles took place at EMI Recording Studios (later Abbey Road Studios) in London on 6 June 1962.[43] He immediately complained to Epstein about Best's drumming and suggested they use a session drummer in his place.[44] Already contemplating Best's dismissal,[45] the Beatles replaced him in mid-August with Ringo Starr, who left Rory Storm and the Hurricanes to join them.[43] A 4 September session at EMI yielded a recording of "Love Me Do" featuring Starr on drums, but a dissatisfied Martin hired drummer Andy White for the band's third session a week later, which produced recordings of "Love Me Do", "Please Please Me" and "P.S. I Love You".[43] Martin initially selected the Starr version of "Love Me Do" for the band's first single, though subsequent re-pressings featured the White version, with Starr on tambourine.[43] Released in early October, "Love Me Do" peaked at number seventeen on the Record Retailer chart.[46] Their television debut came later that month with a live performance on the regional news programme People and Places.[47] After Martin suggested rerecording "Please Please Me" at a faster tempo,[48] a studio session in late November yielded that recording,[49] of which Martin accurately predicted, "You've just made your first No. 1".[50] In December 1962, the Beatles concluded their fifth and final Hamburg residency at the Star-Club.[51] By 1963, they had agreed that all four band members would contribute vocals to their albums – including Starr, despite his restricted vocal range, to validate his standing in the group.[52] Lennon and McCartney had established a songwriting partnership, and as the band's success grew, their dominant collaboration limited Harrison's opportunities as a lead vocalist.[53] Epstein, to maximise the Beatles' commercial potential, encouraged them to adopt a professional approach to performing.[54] Lennon recalled him saying, "Look, if you really want to get in these bigger places, you're going to have to change – stop eating on stage, stop swearing, stop smoking ...".[42][nb 1] 1963–1966: Beatlemania and touring years Main article: Beatlemania Please Please Me and With the Beatles The logo of the English rock band the Beatles The band's logo was designed by Ivor Arbiter.[55] On 11 February 1963, the Beatles recorded ten songs during a single studio session for their debut LP, Please Please Me. It was supplemented by the four tracks already released on their first two singles. Martin considered recording the LP live at The Cavern Club, but after deciding that the building's acoustics were inadequate, he elected to simulate a "live" album with minimal production in "a single marathon session at Abbey Road".[56] After the moderate success of "Love Me Do", the single "Please Please Me" was released in January 1963, two months ahead of the album. It reached number one on every UK chart except Record Retailer, where it peaked at number two.[57] Recalling how the Beatles "rushed to deliver a debut album, bashing out Please Please Me in a day", AllMusic critic Stephen Thomas Erlewine wrote: "Decades after its release, the album still sounds fresh, precisely because of its intense origins."[58] Lennon said little thought went into composition at the time; he and McCartney were "just writing songs à la Everly Brothers, à la Buddy Holly, pop songs with no more thought of them than that – to create a sound. And the words were almost irrelevant."[59] "She Loves You" Duration: 13 seconds.0:13 Sample of "She Loves You". The song's repeated use of "yeah" exclamations became a signature phrase for the group at the time.[60][61] Problems playing this file? See media help. Released in March 1963, Please Please Me was the first of eleven consecutive Beatles albums released in the United Kingdom to reach number one.[62] The band's third single, "From Me to You", came out in April and began an almost unbroken string of seventeen British number-one singles, including all but one of the eighteen they released over the next six years.[63] Issued in August, their fourth single, "She Loves You", achieved the fastest sales of any record in the UK up to that time, selling three-quarters of a million copies in under four weeks.[64] It became their first single to sell a million copies and remained the biggest-selling record in the UK until 1978.[65][nb 2] The success brought increased media exposure, to which the Beatles responded with an irreverent and comical attitude that defied the expectations of pop musicians at the time, inspiring even more interest.[66] The band toured the UK three times in the first half of the year: a four-week tour that began in February, the Beatles' first nationwide, preceded three-week tours in March and May–June.[67] As their popularity spread, a frenzied adulation of the group took hold. On 13 October, the Beatles starred on Sunday Night at the London Palladium, the UK's top variety show.[68] Their performance was televised live and watched by 15 million viewers. One national paper's headlines in the following days coined the term "Beatlemania" to describe the riotous enthusiasm by screaming fans who greeted the band – and it stuck.[68][69] Although not billed as tour leaders, the Beatles overshadowed American acts Tommy Roe and Chris Montez during the February engagements and assumed top billing "by audience demand", something no British act had previously accomplished while touring with artists from the US.[70] A similar situation arose during their May–June tour with Roy Orbison.[71] Paul McCartney, George Harrison, Swedish pop singer Lill-Babs and John Lennon on the set of the Swedish television show Drop-In in 1963 McCartney, Harrison, Swedish pop singer Lill-Babs and Lennon on the set of the Swedish television show Drop-In, 30 October 1963[72] In late October, the Beatles began a five-day tour of Sweden, their first time abroad since the final Hamburg engagement of December 1962.[73] On their return to the UK on 31 October, several hundred screaming fans greeted them in heavy rain at Heathrow Airport. Around 50 to 100 journalists and photographers, as well as representatives from the BBC, also joined the airport reception, the first of more than 100 such events.[74] The next day, the band began its fourth tour of Britain within nine months, this one scheduled for six weeks.[75] In mid-November, as Beatlemania intensified, police resorted to using high-pressure water hoses to control the crowd before a concert in Plymouth.[76] On 4 November, they played in front of The Queen Mother and Princess Margaret during the Royal Variety Performance at the Prince of Wales Theatre.[77] Please Please Me maintained the top position on the Record Retailer chart for 30 weeks, only to be displaced by its follow-up, With the Beatles,[78] which EMI released on 22 November to record advance orders of 270,000 copies. The LP topped a half-million albums sold in one week.[79] Recorded between July and October, With the Beatles made better use of studio production techniques than its predecessor.[80] It held the top spot for 21 weeks with a chart life of 40 weeks.[81] Erlewine described the LP as "a sequel of the highest order – one that betters the original".[82] In a reversal of then standard practice, EMI released the album ahead of the impending single "I Want to Hold Your Hand", with the song excluded to maximise the single's sales.[83] The album caught the attention of music critic William Mann of The Times, who suggested that Lennon and McCartney were "the outstanding English composers of 1963".[80] The newspaper published a series of articles in which Mann offered detailed analyses of the music, lending it respectability.[84] With the Beatles became the second album in UK chart history to sell a million copies, a figure previously reached only by the 1958 South Pacific soundtrack.[85] When writing the sleeve notes for the album, the band's press officer, Tony Barrow, used the superlative the "fabulous foursome", which the media widely adopted as "the Fab Four".[86] First visit to the United States and the British Invasion Main article: British Invasion A black-and-white image of four men standing in front of a crowd of people at the bottom of an aeroplane staircase The Beatles arriving at John F. Kennedy International Airport, 7 February 1964 EMI's American subsidiary, Capitol Records, hindered the Beatles' releases in the United States for more than a year by initially declining to issue their music, including their first three singles. Concurrent negotiations with the independent US label Vee-Jay led to the release of some, but not all, of the songs in 1963.[87] Vee-Jay finished preparation for the album Introducing... The Beatles, comprising most of the songs of Parlophone's Please Please Me, but a management shake-up led to the album not being released.[nb 3] After it emerged that the label did not report royalties on their sales, the licence that Vee-Jay had signed with EMI was voided.[89] A new licence was granted to the Swan label for the single "She Loves You". The record received some airplay in the Tidewater area of Virginia from Gene Loving of radio station WGH and was featured on the "Rate-a-Record" segment of American Bandstand, but it failed to catch on nationally.[90] Newspaper clipping, 8 February 1964 Epstein brought a demo copy of "I Want to Hold Your Hand" to Capitol's Brown Meggs, who signed the band and arranged for a $40,000 US marketing campaign. American chart success began after disc jockey Carroll James of AM radio station WWDC, in Washington, DC, obtained a copy of the British single "I Want to Hold Your Hand" in mid-December 1963 and began playing it on-air.[91] Taped copies of the song soon circulated among other radio stations throughout the US. This caused an increase in demand, leading Capitol to bring forward the release of "I Want to Hold Your Hand" by three weeks.[92] Issued on 26 December, with the band's previously scheduled debut there just weeks away, "I Want to Hold Your Hand" sold a million copies, becoming a number-one hit in the US by mid-January.[93] In its wake Vee-Jay released Introducing... The Beatles[94] along with Capitol's debut album, Meet the Beatles!, while Swan reactivated production of "She Loves You".[95] The Beatles performing on The Ed Sullivan Show, February 1964 On 7 February 1964, the Beatles departed from Heathrow with an estimated 4,000 fans waving and screaming as the aircraft took off.[96] Upon landing at New York's John F. Kennedy Airport, an uproarious crowd estimated at 3,000 greeted them.[97] They gave their first live US television performance two days later on The Ed Sullivan Show, watched by approximately 73 million viewers in over 23 million households,[98] or 34 per cent of the American population. Biographer Jonathan Gould writes that, according to the Nielsen rating service, it was "the largest audience that had ever been recorded for an American television program".[99] The next morning, the Beatles awoke to a largely negative critical consensus in the US,[100] but a day later at their first US concert, Beatlemania erupted at the Washington Coliseum.[101] Back in New York the following day, the Beatles met with another strong reception during two shows at Carnegie Hall.[98] The band flew to Florida, where they appeared on The Ed Sullivan Show a second time, again before 70 million viewers, before returning to the UK on 22 February.[102] The Beatles' first visit to the US took place when the nation was still mourning the assassination of President John F. Kennedy the previous November.[103] Commentators often suggest that for many, particularly the young, the Beatles' performances reignited the sense of excitement and possibility that momentarily faded in the wake of the assassination and helped pave the way for the revolutionary social changes to come later in the decade.[104] Their hairstyle, unusually long for the era and mocked by many adults,[17] became an emblem of rebellion to the burgeoning youth culture.[105] The group's popularity generated unprecedented interest in British music, and many other UK acts subsequently made their American debuts, successfully touring over the next three years in what was termed the British Invasion.[106] The Beatles' success in the US opened the door for a successive string of British beat groups and pop acts such as the Dave Clark Five, the Animals, Herman's Hermits, Petula Clark, the Kinks and the Rolling Stones to achieve success in America.[107] During the week of 4 April 1964, the Beatles held twelve positions on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart, including the top five.[108][nb 4] A Hard Day's Night Main article: A Hard Day's Night (film) Capitol Records' lack of interest throughout 1963 did not go unnoticed, and a competitor, United Artists Records, encouraged its film division to offer the Beatles a three-motion-picture deal, primarily for the commercial potential of the soundtracks in the US.[110] Directed by Richard Lester, A Hard Day's Night involved the band for six weeks in March–April 1964 as they played themselves in a musical comedy.[111] The film premiered in London and New York in July and August, respectively, and was an international success, with some critics drawing a comparison with the Marx Brothers.[112] United Artists released a full soundtrack album for the North American market, combining Beatles songs and Martin's orchestral score; elsewhere, the group's third studio LP, A Hard Day's Night, contained songs from the film on side one and other new recordings on side two.[113] According to Erlewine, the album saw them "truly coming into their own as a band. All of the disparate influences on their first two albums coalesced into a bright, joyous, original sound, filled with ringing guitars and irresistible melodies."[114] That "ringing guitar" sound was primarily the product of Harrison's 12-string electric Rickenbacker, a prototype given to him by the manufacturer, which made its debut on the record.[115][nb 5] 1964 world tour, meeting Bob Dylan and stand on civil rights Paul McCartney, George Harrison and John Lennon of the Beatles performing on Dutch TV in 1964 McCartney, Harrison and Lennon performing on Dutch TV in 1964 Touring internationally in June and July, the Beatles staged 37 shows over 27 days in Denmark, the Netherlands, Hong Kong, Australia and New Zealand.[116][nb 6] In August and September, they returned to the US, with a 30-concert tour of 23 cities.[118] Generating intense interest once again, the month-long tour attracted between 10,000 and 20,000 people to each 30-minute performance in cities from San Francisco to New York.[118] In August, journalist Al Aronowitz arranged for the Beatles to meet Bob Dylan.[119] Visiting the band in their New York hotel suite, Dylan introduced them to cannabis.[120] Gould points out the musical and cultural significance of this meeting, before which the musicians' respective fanbases were "perceived as inhabiting two separate subcultural worlds": Dylan's audience of "college kids with artistic or intellectual leanings, a dawning political and social idealism, and a mildly bohemian style" contrasted with their fans, "veritable 'teenyboppers' – kids in high school or grade school whose lives were totally wrapped up in the commercialised popular culture of television, radio, pop records, fan magazines and teen fashion. To many of Dylan's followers in the folk music scene, the Beatles were seen as idolaters, not idealists."[121] Within six months of the meeting, according to Gould, "Lennon would be making records on which he openly imitated Dylan's nasal drone, brittle strum, and introspective vocal persona"; and six months after that, Dylan began performing with a backing band and electric instrumentation, and "dressed in the height of Mod fashion".[122] As a result, Gould continues, the traditional division between folk and rock enthusiasts "nearly evaporated", as the Beatles' fans began to mature in their outlook and Dylan's audience embraced the new, youth-driven pop culture.[122] During the 1964 US tour, the group were confronted with racial segregation in the country at the time.[123][124] When informed that the venue for their 11 September concert, the Gator Bowl in Jacksonville, Florida, was segregated, the Beatles said they would refuse to perform unless the audience was integrated.[125][123][124] Lennon stated: "We never play to segregated audiences and we aren't going to start now ... I'd sooner lose our appearance money."[123] City officials relented and agreed to allow an integrated show.[123] The group also cancelled their reservations at the whites-only Hotel George Washington in Jacksonville.[124] For their subsequent US tours in 1965 and 1966, the Beatles included clauses in contracts stipulating that shows be integrated.[124][126] Beatles for Sale, Help! and Rubber Soul According to Gould, the Beatles' fourth studio LP, Beatles for Sale, evidenced a growing conflict between the commercial pressures of their global success and their creative ambitions.[127] They had intended the album, recorded between August and October 1964,[128] to continue the format established by A Hard Day's Night which, unlike their first two LPs, contained only original songs.[127] They had nearly exhausted their backlog of songs on the previous album, however, and given the challenges constant international touring posed to their songwriting efforts, Lennon admitted, "Material's becoming a hell of a problem".[129] As a result, six covers from their extensive repertoire were chosen to complete the album. Released in early December, its eight original compositions stood out, demonstrating the growing maturity of the Lennon–McCartney songwriting partnership.[127] In early 1965, following a dinner with Lennon, Harrison and their wives, Harrison's dentist, John Riley, secretly added LSD to their coffee.[130] Lennon described the experience: "It was just terrifying, but it was fantastic. I was pretty stunned for a month or two."[131] He and Harrison subsequently became regular users of the drug, joined by Starr on at least one occasion. Harrison's use of psychedelic drugs encouraged his path to meditation and Hinduism. He commented: "For me, it was like a flash. The first time I had acid, it just opened up something in my head that was inside of me, and I realised a lot of things. I didn't learn them because I already knew them, but that happened to be the key that opened the door to reveal them. From the moment I had that, I wanted to have it all the time – these thoughts about the yogis and the Himalayas, and Ravi's music."[132][133] McCartney was initially reluctant to try it, but eventually did so in late 1966.[134] He became the first Beatle to discuss LSD publicly, declaring in a magazine interview that "it opened my eyes" and "made me a better, more honest, more tolerant member of society".[135] The Beatles performing music in a field. In the foreground, the drums are played by Starr (only the top of his head is visible). Beyond him, the other three stand in a column with their guitars. In the rear, Harrison, head down, strikes a chord. In the front, Lennon smiles and gives a little wave toward camera, holding his pick. Between them, McCartney is jocularly about to choke Lennon. The US trailer for Help! with (from the rear) Harrison, McCartney, Lennon and (largely obscured) Starr Controversy erupted in June 1965 when Queen Elizabeth II appointed all four Beatles Members of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) after Prime Minister Harold Wilson nominated them for the award.[136] In protest – the honour was at that time primarily bestowed upon military veterans and civic leaders – some conservative MBE recipients returned their insignia.[137] In July, the Beatles' second film, Help!, was released, again directed by Lester. Described as "mainly a relentless spoof of Bond",[138] it inspired a mixed response among both reviewers and the band. McCartney said: "Help! was great but it wasn't our film – we were sort of guest stars. It was fun, but basically, as an idea for a film, it was a bit wrong."[139] The soundtrack was dominated by Lennon, who wrote and sang lead on most of its songs, including the two singles: "Help!" and "Ticket to Ride".[140] The Help! album, the group's fifth studio LP, mirrored A Hard Day's Night by featuring soundtrack songs on side one and additional songs from the same sessions on side two.[141] The LP contained all original material save for two covers, "Act Naturally" and "Dizzy Miss Lizzy"; they were the last covers the band would include on an album until Let It Be's brief rendition of the traditional Liverpool folk song "Maggie Mae".[142] The band expanded their use of vocal overdubs on Help! and incorporated classical instruments into some arrangements, including a string quartet on the pop ballad "Yesterday".[143] Composed and sung by McCartney – none of the other Beatles perform on the recording[144] – "Yesterday" has inspired the most cover versions of any song ever written.[145] With Help!, the Beatles became the first rock group to be nominated for a Grammy Award for Album of the Year.[146] The Beatles at a press conference in August 1965 The Beatles at a press conference in Minnesota in August 1965, shortly after playing at Shea Stadium in New York The group's third US tour opened with a performance before a world-record crowd of 55,600 at New York's Shea Stadium on 15 August – "perhaps the most famous of all Beatles' concerts", in Lewisohn's description.[147] A further nine successful concerts followed in other American cities. At a show in Atlanta, the Beatles gave one of the first live performances ever to make use of a foldback system of on-stage monitor speakers.[148] Towards the end of the tour, they met with Elvis Presley, a foundational musical influence on the band, who invited them to his home in Beverly Hills.[149][150] Presley later said the band was an example of a trend of anti-Americanism and drug abuse.[151][152] September 1965 saw the launch of an American Saturday-morning cartoon series, The Beatles, that echoed A Hard Day's Night's slapstick antics over its two-year original run.[153] The series was the first weekly television series to feature animated versions of real, living people.[154] In mid-October, the Beatles entered the recording studio; for the first time when making an album, they had an extended period without other major commitments.[155] Until this time, according to George Martin, "we had been making albums rather like a collection of singles. Now we were really beginning to think about albums as a bit of art on their own."[156] Released in December, Rubber Soul was hailed by critics as a major step forward in the maturity and complexity of the band's music.[157] Their thematic reach was beginning to expand as they embraced deeper aspects of romance and philosophy, a development that NEMS executive Peter Brown attributed to the band members' "now habitual use of marijuana".[158] Lennon referred to Rubber Soul as "the pot album"[159] and Starr said: "Grass was really influential in a lot of our changes, especially with the writers. And because they were writing different material, we were playing differently."[159] After Help!'s foray into classical music with flutes and strings, Harrison's introduction of a sitar on "Norwegian Wood (This Bird Has Flown)" marked a further progression outside the traditional boundaries of popular music. As the lyrics grew more artful, fans began to study them for deeper meaning.[160] "Norwegian Wood (This Bird Has Flown)" Duration: 15 seconds.0:15 Sample of "Norwegian Wood" from Rubber Soul (1965). Harrison's use of a sitar on this song is representative of the Beatles' incorporation of unconventional instrumentation into rock music.[157] Problems playing this file? See media help. While some of Rubber Soul's songs were the product of Lennon and McCartney's collaborative songwriting,[161] the album also included distinct compositions from each,[162] though they continued to share official credit. "In My Life", of which each later claimed lead authorship, is considered a highlight of the entire Lennon–McCartney catalogue.[163] Harrison called Rubber Soul his "favourite album",[159] and Starr referred to it as "the departure record".[164] McCartney has said, "We'd had our cute period, and now it was time to expand."[165] However, recording engineer Norman Smith later stated that the studio sessions revealed signs of growing conflict within the group – "the clash between John and Paul was becoming obvious", he wrote, and "as far as Paul was concerned, George could do no right".[166] Controversies, Revolver and final tour Capitol Records, from December 1963 when it began issuing Beatles recordings for the US market, exercised complete control over format,[87] compiling distinct US albums from the band's recordings and issuing songs of their choosing as singles.[167][nb 7] In June 1966, the Capitol LP Yesterday and Today caused an uproar with its cover, which portrayed the grinning Beatles dressed in butcher's overalls, accompanied by raw meat and mutilated plastic baby dolls. According to Beatles biographer Bill Harry, it has been incorrectly suggested that this was meant as a satirical response to the way Capitol had "butchered" the US versions of the band's albums.[169] Thousands of copies of the LP had a new cover pasted over the original; an unpeeled "first-state" copy fetched $10,500 at a December 2005 auction.[170] In England, meanwhile, Harrison met sitar maestro Ravi Shankar, who agreed to train him on the instrument.[171] During a tour of the Philippines the month after the Yesterday and Today furore, the Beatles unintentionally snubbed the nation's first lady, Imelda Marcos, who had expected them to attend a breakfast reception at the Presidential Palace.[172] When presented with the invitation, Epstein politely declined on the band members' behalf, as it had never been his policy to accept such official invitations.[173] They soon found that the Marcos regime was unaccustomed to taking no for an answer. The resulting riots endangered the group and they escaped the country with difficulty.[174] Immediately afterwards, the band members visited India for the first time.[175] We're more popular than Jesus now; I don't know which will go first – rock 'n' roll or Christianity. – John Lennon, 1966[176] Almost as soon as they returned home, the Beatles faced a fierce backlash from US religious and social conservatives (as well as the Ku Klux Klan) over a comment Lennon had made in a March interview with British reporter Maureen Cleave.[177] "Christianity will go", Lennon had said. "It will vanish and shrink. I needn't argue about that; I'm right and I will be proved right ... Jesus was alright but his disciples were thick and ordinary. It's them twisting it that ruins it for me."[178] His comments went virtually unnoticed in England, but when US teenage fan magazine Datebook printed them five months later, it sparked a controversy with Christians in America's conservative Bible Belt region.[177] The Vatican issued a protest, and bans on Beatles records were imposed by Spanish and Dutch stations and South Africa's national broadcasting service.[179] Epstein accused Datebook of having taken Lennon's words out of context. At a press conference, Lennon pointed out, "If I'd said television was more popular than Jesus, I might have got away with it."[180] He claimed that he was referring to how other people viewed their success, but at the prompting of reporters, he concluded: "If you want me to apologise, if that will make you happy, then okay, I'm sorry."[180] "Eleanor Rigby" Duration: 13 seconds.0:13 Sample of "Eleanor Rigby" from Revolver (1966). The album involves innovative compositional approaches, arrangements and recording techniques. This song, primarily written by McCartney, prominently features classical strings in a novel fusion of musical styles. Problems playing this file? See media help. Released in August 1966, a week before the Beatles' final tour, Revolver marked another artistic step forward for the group.[181] The album featured sophisticated songwriting, studio experimentation and a greatly expanded repertoire of musical styles, ranging from innovative classical string arrangements to psychedelia.[181] Abandoning the customary group photograph, its Aubrey Beardsley-inspired cover – designed by Klaus Voormann, a friend of the band since their Hamburg days – was a monochrome collage and line drawing caricature of the group.[181] The album was preceded by the single "Paperback Writer", backed by "Rain".[182] Short promotional films were made for both songs; described by cultural historian Saul Austerlitz as "among the first true music videos",[183] they aired on The Ed Sullivan Show and Top of the Pops in June.[184] Among the experimental songs on Revolver was "Tomorrow Never Knows", the lyrics for which Lennon drew from Timothy Leary's The Psychedelic Experience: A Manual Based on the Tibetan Book of the Dead. Its creation involved eight tape decks distributed about the EMI building, each staffed by an engineer or band member, who randomly varied the movement of a tape loop while Martin created a composite recording by sampling the incoming data.[185] McCartney's "Eleanor Rigby" made prominent use of a string octet; Gould describes it as "a true hybrid, conforming to no recognisable style or genre of song".[186] Harrison's emergence as a songwriter was reflected in three of his compositions appearing on the record.[187] Among these, "Taxman", which opened the album, marked the first example of the Beatles making a political statement through their music.[188] San Francisco's Candlestick Park in the 1960s San Francisco's Candlestick Park (pictured in the early 1960s) was the venue for the Beatles' final concert before a paying audience. As preparations were made for a tour of the US, the Beatles knew that their music would hardly be heard. Having originally used Vox AC30 amplifiers, they later acquired more powerful 100-watt amplifiers, specially designed for them by Vox, as they moved into larger venues in 1964; however, these were still inadequate. Struggling to compete with the volume of sound generated by screaming fans, the band had grown increasingly bored with the routine of performing live.[189] Recognising that their shows were no longer about the music, they decided to make the August tour their last.[190] The band performed none of their new songs on the tour.[191] In Chris Ingham's description, they were very much "studio creations ... and there was no way a four-piece rock 'n' roll group could do them justice, particularly through the desensitising wall of the fans' screams. 'Live Beatles' and 'Studio Beatles' had become entirely different beasts."[192] The band's concert at San Francisco's Candlestick Park on 29 August was their last commercial concert.[193] It marked the end of four years dominated by almost non-stop touring that included over 1,400 concert appearances internationally.[194] 1966–1970: Studio years Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band Main article: Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band The album artwork of the Beatles' 1967 album Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band Front cover of Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band, "the most famous cover of any music album, and one of the most imitated images in the world"[195] Freed from the burden of touring, the Beatles embraced an increasingly experimental approach as they recorded Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band, beginning in late November 1966.[196] According to engineer Geoff Emerick, the album's recording took over 700 hours.[197] He recalled the band's insistence "that everything on Sgt. Pepper had to be different. We had microphones right down in the bells of brass instruments and headphones turned into microphones attached to violins. We used giant primitive oscillators to vary the speed of instruments and vocals and we had tapes chopped to pieces and stuck together upside down and the wrong way around."[198] Parts of "A Day in the Life" featured a 40-piece orchestra.[198] The sessions initially yielded the non-album double A-side single "Strawberry Fields Forever"/"Penny Lane" in February 1967;[199] the Sgt. Pepper LP followed with a rush-release in May.[200] The musical complexity of the records, created using relatively primitive four-track recording technology, astounded contemporary artists.[195] Among music critics, acclaim for the album was virtually universal.[201] Gould writes: The overwhelming consensus is that the Beatles had created a popular masterpiece: a rich, sustained, and overflowing work of collaborative genius whose bold ambition and startling originality dramatically enlarged the possibilities and raised the expectations of what the experience of listening to popular music on record could be. On the basis of this perception, Sgt. Pepper became the catalyst for an explosion of mass enthusiasm for album-formatted rock that would revolutionise both the aesthetics and the economics of the record business in ways that far outstripped the earlier pop explosions triggered by the Elvis phenomenon of 1956 and the Beatlemania phenomenon of 1963.[202] In the wake of Sgt. Pepper, the underground and mainstream press widely publicised the Beatles as leaders of youth culture, as well as "lifestyle revolutionaries".[3] The album was the first major pop/rock LP to include its complete lyrics, which appeared on the back cover.[203][204] Those lyrics were the subject of critical analysis; for instance, in late 1967 the album was the subject of a scholarly inquiry by American literary critic and professor of English Richard Poirier, who observed that his students were "listening to the group's music with a degree of engagement that he, as a teacher of literature, could only envy".[205][nb 8] The elaborate cover also attracted considerable interest and study.[206] A collage designed by pop artists Peter Blake and Jann Haworth, it depicted the group as the fictional band referred to in the album's title track[207] standing in front of a crowd of famous people.[208] The heavy moustaches worn by the group reflected the growing influence of the hippie movement,[209] while cultural historian Jonathan Harris describes their "brightly coloured parodies of military uniforms" as a knowingly "anti-authoritarian and anti-establishment" display.[210] Sgt. Pepper topped the UK charts for 23 consecutive weeks, with a further four weeks at number one in the period through to February 1968.[211] With 2.5 million copies sold within three months of its release,[212] Sgt. Pepper's initial commercial success exceeded that of all previous Beatles albums.[213] It was the first rock album to win the Grammy Award for Album of the Year.[214] It sustained its immense popularity into the 21st century while breaking numerous sales records.[215] Magical Mystery Tour and Yellow Submarine Main articles: Magical Mystery Tour (film) and Yellow Submarine (film) Two Beatles film projects were conceived within weeks of completing Sgt. Pepper: Magical Mystery Tour, a one-hour television film, and Yellow Submarine, an animated feature-length film produced by United Artists.[216] The group began recording music for the former in late April 1967, but the project then lay dormant as they focused on recording songs for the latter.[217] On 25 June, the Beatles performed their forthcoming single "All You Need Is Love" to an estimated 350 million viewers on Our World, the first live global television link.[218] Released a week later, during the Summer of Love, the song was adopted as a flower power anthem.[219] The Beatles' use of psychedelic drugs was at its height during that summer.[220] In July and August, the group pursued interests related to similar utopian-based ideology, including a week-long investigation into the possibility of starting an island-based commune off the coast of Greece.[221][222] On 24 August, the group were introduced to Maharishi Mahesh Yogi in London. The next day, they travelled to Bangor for his Transcendental Meditation retreat. On 27 August, their manager's assistant, Peter Brown, phoned to inform them that Epstein had died.[223] The coroner ruled the death an accidental carbitol overdose, although it was widely rumoured to be a suicide.[224][nb 9] His death left the group disoriented and fearful about the future.[226] Lennon recalled: "We collapsed. I knew that we were in trouble then. I didn't really have any misconceptions about our ability to do anything other than play music, and I was scared. I thought, 'We've f*ckin' had it now.'"[227] Harrison's then-wife Pattie Boyd remembered that "Paul and George were in complete shock. I don't think it could have been worse if they had heard that their own fathers had dropped dead."[228] During a band meeting in September, McCartney recommended that the band proceed with Magical Mystery Tour.[217] The Magical Mystery Tour soundtrack was released in the UK as a six-track double extended play (EP) in early December 1967.[87][229] It was the first example of a double EP in the UK.[230][231] The record carried on the psychedelic vein of Sgt. Pepper,[232] though in line with the band's wishes, the packaging reinforced the idea that the release was a film soundtrack rather than a follow-up to Sgt. Pepper.[229] In the US, the soundtrack appeared as an identically titled LP that also included five tracks from the band's recent singles.[109] In its first three weeks, the album set a record for the highest initial sales of any Capitol LP and is the only Capitol compilation later to be adopted in the band's official canon of studio albums.[233] Magical Mystery Tour first aired on Boxing Day to an audience of approximately 15 million.[234] Largely directed by McCartney, the film was the band's first critical failure in the UK.[235] It was dismissed as "blatant rubbish" by the Daily Express, the Daily Mail called it "a colossal conceit" and The Guardian labelled the film "a kind of fantasy morality play about the grossness and warmth and stupidity of the audience".[236] Gould describes it as "a great deal of raw footage showing a group of people getting on, getting off, and riding on a bus".[236] Although the viewership figures were respectable, its slating in the press led US television networks to lose interest in broadcasting the film.[237] The group were less involved with Yellow Submarine, which featured the band appearing as themselves for only a short live-action segment.[238] Premiering in July 1968, the film featured cartoon versions of the band members and a soundtrack with eleven of their songs, including four unreleased studio recordings that made their debut in the film.[239] Critics praised the film for its music, humour and innovative visual style.[240] A soundtrack LP was issued seven months later; it contained those four new songs, the title track (already issued on Revolver), "All You Need Is Love" (already issued as a single and on the US Magical Mystery Tour LP) and seven instrumental pieces composed by Martin.[241] India retreat, Apple Corps and the White Album Main articles: Beatles in India, Apple Corps, and The Beatles (album) In February 1968, the Beatles travelled to Maharishi Mahesh Yogi's ashram in Rishikesh, India, to take part in a three-month meditation "Guide Course". Their time in India marked one of the band's most prolific periods, yielding numerous songs, including a majority of those on their next album.[242] However, Starr left after only ten days, unable to stomach the food, and McCartney eventually grew bored and departed a month later.[243] For Lennon and Harrison, creativity turned to question when an electronics technician known as Magic Alex suggested that the Maharishi was attempting to manipulate them.[244] When he alleged that the Maharishi had made sexual advances to women attendees, a persuaded Lennon left abruptly just two months into the course, bringing an unconvinced Harrison and the remainder of the group's entourage with him.[243] In anger, Lennon wrote a scathing song titled "Maharishi", renamed "Sexy Sadie" to avoid potential legal issues. McCartney said, "We made a mistake. We thought there was more to him than there was."[244] In May, Lennon and McCartney travelled to New York for the public unveiling of the Beatles' new business venture, Apple Corps.[245] It was initially formed several months earlier as part of a plan to create a tax-effective business structure, but the band then desired to extend the corporation to other pursuits, including record distribution, peace activism and education.[246] McCartney described Apple as "rather like a Western communism".[247] The enterprise drained the group financially with a series of unsuccessful projects[248] handled largely by members of the Beatles' entourage, who were given their jobs regardless of talent and experience.[249] Among its numerous subsidiaries were Apple Electronics, established to foster technological innovations with Magic Alex at the head, and Apple Retailing, which opened the short-lived Apple Boutique in London.[250] Harrison later said, "Basically, it was chaos ... John and Paul got carried away with the idea and blew millions, and Ringo and I just had to go along with it."[247] The album artwork of the Beatles' self-titled 1968 album, also known as "the White Album" The Beatles, known as "the White Album" for its minimalist cover, conceived by pop artist Richard Hamilton "in direct contrast to Sgt. Pepper", while also suggesting a "clean slate".[251] From late May to mid-October 1968, the group recorded what became The Beatles, a double LP commonly known as "the White Album" for its virtually featureless cover.[252] During this time, relations between the members grew openly divisive.[253] Starr quit for two weeks, leaving his bandmates to record "Back in the U.S.S.R." and "Dear Prudence" as a trio, with McCartney filling in on drums.[254] Lennon had lost interest in collaborating with McCartney,[255] whose contribution "Ob-La-Di, Ob-La-Da" he scorned as "granny music shit".[256] Tensions were further aggravated by Lennon's romantic preoccupation with avant-garde artist Yoko Ono, whom he insisted on bringing to the sessions despite the group's well-established understanding that girlfriends were not allowed in the studio.[257] McCartney has recalled that the album "wasn't a pleasant one to make".[258] He and Lennon identified the sessions as the start of the band's break-up.[259][260] With the record, the band executed a wider range of musical styles[261] and broke with their recent tradition of incorporating several musical styles in one song by keeping each piece of music consistently faithful to a select genre.[262] During the sessions, the group upgraded to an eight-track tape console, which made it easier for them to layer tracks piecemeal, while the members often recorded independently of each other, affording the album a reputation as a collection of solo recordings rather than a unified group effort.[263] Describing the double album, Lennon later said: "Every track is an individual track; there isn't any Beatle music on it. [It's] John and the band, Paul and the band, George and the band."[264] The sessions also produced the Beatles' longest song yet, "Hey Jude", released in August as a non-album single with "Revolution".[265] Issued in November, the White Album was the band's first Apple Records album release, although EMI continued to own their recordings.[266] The record attracted more than 2 million advance orders, selling nearly 4 million copies in the US in little over a month, and its tracks dominated the playlists of American radio stations.[267] Its lyrical content was the focus of much analysis by the counterculture.[268] Despite its popularity, reviewers were largely confused by the album's content and it failed to inspire the level of critical writing that Sgt. Pepper had.[267] Abbey Road, Let It Be and separation See also: Break-up of the Beatles Although Let It Be was the Beatles' final album release, it was largely recorded before Abbey Road. The project's impetus came from an idea Martin attributes to McCartney, who suggested they "record an album of new material and rehearse it, then perform it before a live audience for the very first time – on record and on film".[269] Originally intended for a one-hour television programme to be called Beatles at Work, in the event much of the album's content came from studio work beginning in January 1969, many hours of which were captured on film by director Michael Lindsay-Hogg.[269][270] Martin said that the project was "not at all a happy recording experience. It was a time when relations between the Beatles were at their lowest ebb."[269] Lennon described the largely impromptu sessions as "hell ... the most miserable ... on Earth", and Harrison, "the low of all-time".[271] Irritated by McCartney and Lennon, Harrison walked out for five days. Upon returning, he threatened to leave the band unless they "abandon[ed] all talk of live performance" and instead focused on finishing a new album, initially titled Get Back, using songs recorded for the TV special.[272] He also demanded they cease work at Twickenham Film Studios, where the sessions had begun, and relocate to the newly finished Apple Studio. His bandmates agreed and it was decided to salvage the footage shot for the TV production for use in a feature film.[273] American musician Billy Preston in 1971 The American soul musician Billy Preston (pictured in 1971) was, for a short time, considered a fifth Beatle during the Get Back sessions. To alleviate tensions within the band and improve the quality of their live sound, Harrison invited keyboardist Billy Preston to participate in the last nine days of sessions.[274] Preston received label billing on the "Get Back" single – the only musician ever to receive that acknowledgment on an official Beatles release.[275] After the rehearsals, the band could not agree on a location to film a concert, rejecting several ideas, including a boat at sea, a lunatic asylum, the Libyan desert and the Colosseum.[269] Ultimately, what would be their final live performance was filmed on the rooftop of the Apple Corps building at 3 Savile Row, London, on 30 January 1969.[276] Five weeks later, engineer Glyn Johns, whom Lewisohn describes as Get Back's "uncredited producer", began work assembling an album, given "free rein" as the band "all but washed their hands of the entire project".[277] A terrace house with four floors and an attic. It is red brick, with a slate roof, and the ground floor rendered in imitation of stone and painted white. Each upper floor has four sash windows, divided into small panes. The door, with a canopy over it, occupies the place of the second window from the left on the ground floor. Apple Corps building at 3 Savile Row, site of the Let It Be rooftop concert New strains developed between the band members regarding the appointment of a financial adviser, the need for which had become evident without Epstein to manage business affairs. Lennon, Harrison and Starr favoured Allen Klein, who had managed the Rolling Stones and Sam Cooke;[278] McCartney wanted Lee and John Eastman – father and brother, respectively, of Linda Eastman,[279] whom McCartney married on 12 March.[280] Agreement could not be reached, so both Klein and the Eastmans were temporarily appointed: Klein as the Beatles' business manager and the Eastmans as their lawyers.[281][282] Further conflict ensued, however, and financial opportunities were lost.[278] On 8 May, Klein was named sole manager of the band,[283] the Eastmans having previously been dismissed as the Beatles' lawyers. McCartney refused to sign the management contract with Klein, but he was out-voted by the other Beatles.[284] Martin stated that he was surprised when McCartney asked him to produce another album, as the Get Back sessions had been "a miserable experience" and he had "thought it was the end of the road for all of us".[285] The primary recording sessions for Abbey Road began on 2 July.[286] Lennon, who rejected Martin's proposed format of a "continuously moving piece of music", wanted his and McCartney's songs to occupy separate sides of the album.[287] The eventual format, with individually composed songs on the first side and the second consisting largely of a medley, was McCartney's suggested compromise.[287] Emerick noted that the replacement of the studio's valve-based mixing console with a transistorised one yielded a less punchy sound, leaving the group frustrated at the thinner tone and lack of impact and contributing to its "kinder, gentler" feel relative to their previous albums.[288] On 4 July, the first solo single by a Beatle was released: Lennon's "Give Peace a Chance", credited to the Plastic Ono Band. The completion and mixing of "I Want You (She's So Heavy)" on 20 August was the last occasion on which all four Beatles were together in the same studio.[289] On 8 September, while Starr was in hospital, the other band members met to discuss recording a new album. They considered a different approach to songwriting by ending the Lennon–McCartney pretence and having four compositions apiece from Lennon, McCartney and Harrison, with two from Starr and a lead single around Christmas.[290] On 20 September, Lennon announced his departure to the rest of the group but agreed to withhold a public announcement to avoid undermining sales of the forthcoming album.[291] Released on 26 September, Abbey Road sold four million copies within three months and topped the UK charts for a total of seventeen weeks.[292] Its second track, the ballad "Something", was issued as a single – the only Harrison composition that appeared as a Beatles A-side.[293] Abbey Road received mixed reviews, although the medley met with general acclaim.[292] Unterberger considers it "a fitting swan song for the group", containing "some of the greatest harmonies to be heard on any rock record".[294] Musicologist and author Ian MacDonald calls the album "erratic and often hollow", despite the "semblance of unity and coherence" offered by the medley.[295] Martin singled it out as his favourite Beatles album; Lennon said it was "competent" but had "no life in it".[288] For the still unfinished Get Back album, one last song, Harrison's "I Me Mine", was recorded on 3 January 1970. Lennon, in Denmark at the time, did not participate.[296] In March, rejecting the work Johns had done on the project, now retitled Let It Be, Klein gave the session tapes to American producer Phil Spector, who had recently produced Lennon's solo single "Instant Karma!"[297] In addition to remixing the material, Spector edited, spliced and overdubbed several of the recordings that had been intended as "live". McCartney was unhappy with the producer's approach and particularly dissatisfied with the lavish orchestration on "The Long and Winding Road", which involved a fourteen-voice choir and 36-piece instrumental ensemble.[298] McCartney's demands that the alterations to the song be reverted were ignored,[299] and he publicly announced his departure from the band on 10 April, a week before the release of his first self-titled solo album.[298][300] On 8 May 1970, Let It Be was released. Its accompanying single, "The Long and Winding Road", was expected to be the Beatles' last; it was released in the US, but not in the UK.[182] The Let It Be documentary film followed later that month and would win the 1970 Academy Award for Best Original Song Score.[301] Sunday Telegraph critic Penelope Gilliatt called it "a very bad film and a touching one ... about the breaking apart of this reassuring, geometrically perfect, once apparently ageless family of siblings".[302] Several reviewers stated that some of the performances in the film sounded better than their analogous album tracks.[303] Describing Let It Be as the "only Beatles album to occasion negative, even hostile reviews", Unterberger calls it "on the whole underrated"; he singles out "some good moments of straight hard rock in 'I've Got a Feeling' and 'Dig a Pony'" and praises "Let It Be", "Get Back" and "the folky 'Two of Us', with John and Paul harmonising together".[304] McCartney filed suit for the dissolution of the Beatles' contractual partnership on 31 December 1970.[305] Legal disputes continued long after their break-up and the dissolution was not formalised until 29 December 1974,[306] when Lennon signed the paperwork terminating the partnership while on vacation with his family at Walt Disney World Resort in Florida.[307] After the breakup See also: Collaborations between ex-Beatles 1970s Lennon in 1974 and McCartney in 1976 Lennon, McCartney, Harrison and Starr all released solo albums in 1970. Their solo records sometimes involved one or more of the other members;[308] Starr's Ringo (1973) was the only album to include compositions and performances by all four ex-Beatles, albeit on separate songs. With Starr's participation, Harrison staged the Concert for Bangladesh in New York City in August 1971.[309] Other than an unreleased jam session in 1974, later bootlegged as A Toot and a Snore in '74, Lennon and McCartney never recorded together again.[310] Two double-LP sets of the Beatles' greatest hits, compiled by Klein, 1962–1966 and 1967–1970, were released in 1973, at first under the Apple Records imprint.[311] Commonly known as the "Red Album" and "Blue Album", respectively, each has earned a Multi-Platinum certification in the US and a Platinum certification in the UK.[312][313] Between 1976 and 1982, EMI/Capitol released a wave of compilation albums without input from the ex-Beatles, starting with the double-disc compilation Rock 'n' Roll Music.[314] The only one to feature previously unreleased material was The Beatles at the Hollywood Bowl (1977); the first officially issued concert recordings by the group, it contained selections from two shows they played during their 1964 and 1965 US tours.[315][nb 10] The music and enduring fame of the Beatles were commercially exploited in various other ways, again often outside their creative control. In April 1974, the musical John, Paul, George, Ringo ... and Bert, written by Willy Russell and featuring singer Barbara Dickson, opened in London. It included, with permission from Northern Songs, eleven Lennon–McCartney compositions and one by Harrison, "Here Comes the Sun". Displeased with the production's use of his song, Harrison withdrew his permission to use it.[317] Later that year, the off-Broadway musical Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band on the Road opened.[318] All This and World War II (1976) was an unorthodox nonfiction film that combined newsreel footage with covers of Beatles songs by performers ranging from Elton John and Keith Moon to the London Symphony Orchestra.[319] The Broadway musical Beatlemania, an unauthorised nostalgia revue, opened in early 1977 and proved popular, spinning off five separate touring productions.[320] In 1979, the band sued the producers, settling for several million dollars in damages.[320] Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band (1978), a musical film starring the Bee Gees and Peter Frampton, was a commercial failure and an "artistic fiasco", according to Ingham.[321] Accompanying the wave of Beatles nostalgia and persistent reunion rumours in the US during the 1970s, several entrepreneurs made public offers to the Beatles for a reunion concert.[322] Promoter Bill Sargent first offered the Beatles $10 million for a reunion concert in 1974. He raised his offer to $30 million in January 1976 and then to $50 million the following month.[323][324] On 24 April 1976, during a broadcast of Saturday Night Live, producer Lorne Michaels jokingly offered the Beatles $3,000 to reunite on the show. Lennon and McCartney were watching the live broadcast at Lennon's apartment at the Dakota in New York, which was within driving distance of the NBC studio where the show was being broadcast. The former bandmates briefly entertained the idea of going to the studio and surprising Michaels by accepting his offer, but decided not to.[325] 1980s In December 1980, Lennon was shot and killed outside his New York City apartment by Mark David Chapman, an American Beatles fan. Harrison rewrote the lyrics of his song "All Those Years Ago" in Lennon's honour. With Starr on drums and McCartney and his wife, Linda, contributing backing vocals, the song was released as a single in May 1981.[326] McCartney's own tribute, "Here Today", appeared on his Tug of War album in April 1982.[327] In 1984, Starr co-starred in McCartney's film Give My Regards to Broad Street,[328] and played with McCartney on several of the songs on the soundtrack.[329] In 1987, Harrison's Cloud Nine album included "When We Was Fab", a song about the Beatlemania era.[330] When the Beatles' studio albums were released on CD by EMI and Apple Corps in 1987, their catalogue was standardised throughout the world, establishing a canon of the twelve original studio LPs as issued in the UK plus the US LP version of Magical Mystery Tour.[331] All the remaining material from the singles and EPs that had not appeared on these thirteen studio albums was gathered on the two-volume compilation Past Masters (1988). Except for the Red and Blue albums, EMI deleted all its other Beatles compilations – including the Hollywood Bowl record – from its catalogue.[315] In 1988, the Beatles were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, their first year of eligibility. Harrison and Starr attended the ceremony with Lennon's widow, Yoko Ono, and his two sons, Julian and Sean.[332][333] McCartney declined to attend, citing unresolved "business differences" that would make him "feel like a complete hypocrite waving and smiling with them at a fake reunion".[333] The following year, EMI/Capitol settled a decade-long lawsuit filed by the band over royalties, clearing the way to commercially package previously unreleased material.[334][335] 1990s Live at the BBC, the first official release of unissued Beatles performances in 17 years, appeared in 1994.[336] That same year McCartney, Harrison and Starr collaborated on the Anthology project. Anthology was the culmination of work begun in 1970, when Apple Corps director Neil Aspinall, their former road manager and personal assistant, had started to gather material for a documentary with the working title The Long and Winding Road.[337] During 1995–96, the project yielded a television miniseries, an eight-volume video set and three two-CD/three-LP box sets featuring artwork by Klaus Voormann. Documenting their history in the band's own words, the Anthology project included the release of several unissued Beatles recordings. Alongside producer Jeff Lynne, McCartney, Harrison and Starr also added new instrumental and vocal parts to songs recorded as demos by Lennon in the late 1970s,[338] resulting in the release of two "new" Beatles singles, "Free as a Bird" and "Real Love". A third Lennon demo, "Now and Then", was also attempted, but abandoned due to the low quality of the recording.[339] The Anthology releases were commercially successful and the television series was viewed by an estimated 400 million people.[340] A book, The Beatles Anthology, followed in October 2000. In 1999, to coincide with the re-release of the 1968 film Yellow Submarine, an expanded soundtrack album, Yellow Submarine Songtrack, was issued.[341] 2000s The Beatles' 1, a compilation album of the band's British and American number-one hits, was released on 13 November 2000. It became the fastest-selling album of all time, with 3.6 million sold in its first week[342] and 13 million within a month.[343] It topped albums charts in at least 28 countries.[344] The compilation had sold 31 million copies globally by April 2009.[345] Harrison died from metastatic lung cancer in November 2001.[346][347][348] McCartney and Starr were among the musicians who performed at the Concert for George, organised by Eric Clapton and Harrison's widow, Olivia. The tribute event took place at the Royal Albert Hall on the first anniversary of Harrison's death.[349] In 2003, Let It Be... Naked, a reconceived version of the Let It Be album, with McCartney supervising production, was released. One of the main differences from the Spector-produced version was the omission of the original string arrangements.[350] It was a top-ten hit in both Britain and America. The US album configurations from 1964 to 1965 were released as box sets in 2004 and 2006; The Capitol Albums, Volume 1 and Volume 2 included both stereo and mono versions based on the mixes that were prepared for vinyl at the time of the music's original American release.[351] As a soundtrack for Cirque du Soleil's Las Vegas Beatles stage revue, Love, George Martin and his son Giles remixed and blended 130 of the band's recordings to create what Martin called "a way of re-living the whole Beatles musical lifespan in a very condensed period".[352] The show premiered in June 2006 and the Love album was released that November.[353] In April 2009, Starr performed three songs with McCartney at a benefit concert held at New York's Radio City Music Hall and organised by McCartney.[354] On 9 September 2009, the Beatles' entire back catalogue was reissued following an extensive digital remastering process that lasted four years.[331] Stereo editions of all twelve original UK studio albums, along with Magical Mystery Tour and the Past Masters compilation, were released on compact disc both individually and as a box set.[355] A second collection, The Beatles in Mono, included remastered versions of every Beatles album released in true mono along with the original 1965 stereo mixes of Help! and Rubber Soul (both of which Martin had remixed for the 1987 editions).[356] The Beatles: Rock Band, a music video game in the Rock Band series, was issued on the same day.[357] In December 2009, the band's catalogue was officially released in FLAC and MP3 format in a limited edition of 30,000 USB flash drives.[358] 2010s Owing to a long-running royalty disagreement, the Beatles were among the last major artists to sign deals with online music services.[359] Residual disagreement emanating from Apple Corps' dispute with Apple, Inc., iTunes' owners, over the use of the name "Apple" was also partly responsible for the delay, although in 2008, McCartney stated that the main obstacle to making the Beatles' catalogue available online was that EMI "want[s] something we're not prepared to give them".[360] In 2010, the official canon of thirteen Beatles studio albums, Past Masters and the "Red" and "Blue" greatest-hits albums were made available on iTunes.[361] In 2012, EMI's recorded music operations were sold to Universal Music Group. In order for Universal Music to acquire EMI, the European Union, for antitrust reasons, forced EMI to spin off assets including Parlophone. Universal was allowed to keep the Beatles' recorded music catalogue, managed by Capitol Records under its Capitol Music Group division.[362] The entire original Beatles album catalogue was also reissued on vinyl in 2012; available either individually or as a box set.[363] In 2013, a second volume of BBC recordings, On Air – Live at the BBC Volume 2, was released. That December saw the release of another 59 Beatles recordings on iTunes. The set, titled The Beatles Bootleg Recordings 1963, had the opportunity to gain a 70-year copyright extension conditional on the songs being published at least once before the end of 2013. Apple Records released the recordings on 17 December to prevent them from going into the public domain and had them taken down from iTunes later that same day. Fan reactions to the release were mixed, with one blogger saying "the hardcore Beatles collectors who are trying to obtain everything will already have these."[364][365] On 26 January 2014, McCartney and Starr performed together at the 56th Annual Grammy Awards, held at the Staples Center in Los Angeles.[366] The following day, The Night That Changed America: A Grammy Salute to the Beatles television special was taped in the Los Angeles Convention Center's West Hall. It aired on 9 February, the exact date of – and at the same time and on the same network as – the original broadcast of the Beatles' first US television appearance on The Ed Sullivan Show, 50 years earlier. The special included performances of Beatles songs by current artists as well as by McCartney and Starr, archival footage and interviews with the two surviving ex-Beatles carried out by David Letterman at the Ed Sullivan Theater.[367][368] In December 2015, the Beatles released their catalogue for streaming on various streaming music services including Spotify and Apple Music.[369] In September 2016, the documentary film The Beatles: Eight Days a Week was released. Directed by Ron Howard, it chronicled the Beatles' career during their touring years from 1961 to 1966, from their performances in Liverpool's the Cavern Club in 1961 to their final concert in San Francisco in 1966. The film was released theatrically on 15 September in the UK and the US, and started streaming on Hulu on 17 September. It received several awards and nominations, including for Best Documentary at the 70th British Academy Film Awards and the Outstanding Documentary or Nonfiction Special at the 69th Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards.[370] An expanded, remixed and remastered version of The Beatles at the Hollywood Bowl was released on 9 September, to coincide with the release of the film.[371][372] On 18 May 2017, Sirius XM Radio launched a 24/7 radio channel, The Beatles Channel. A week later, Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band was reissued with new stereo mixes and unreleased material for the album's 50th anniversary.[373] Similar box sets were released for The Beatles in November 2018,[374] and Abbey Road in September 2019.[375] On the first week of October 2019, Abbey Road returned to number one on the UK Albums Chart. The Beatles broke their own record for the album with the longest gap between topping the charts as Abbey Road hit the top spot 50 years after its original release.[376] 2020s In November 2021, The Beatles: Get Back, a documentary directed by Peter Jackson using footage captured for the Let It Be film, was released on Disney+ as a three-part miniseries.[377] A book also titled The Beatles: Get Back was released on 12 October, ahead of the documentary.[378] A super deluxe version of the Let It Be album was released on 15 October.[379] In January 2022, the album Get Back (Rooftop Performance), consisting of newly mixed audio of the Beatles' rooftop performance, was released on streaming services.[380] In 2022, McCartney and Starr collaborated on a new recording of "Let It Be" with Dolly Parton, Peter Frampton and Mick Fleetwood, which was released on Parton's album Rockstar in November 2023.[381][382] In October, a special edition of Revolver was released, featuring unreleased demos, studio outtakes, the original mono mix and a new stereo remix using AI de-mixing technology developed by Peter Jackson's WingNut Films, which had previously been used to restore audio for the documentary Get Back.[383] New music videos were produced for "Here, There and Everywhere" and "I'm Only Sleeping", the latter of which won the Grammy Award for Best Music Video at the 66th Annual Grammy Awards. Starr joined McCartney's 19 December 2024 solo show as a guest performer for two Beatles songs. In June 2023, McCartney announced plans to release "the final Beatles record" later in the year, using Jackson's de-mixing technology to extract Lennon's voice from an old demo of a song that he had written as a solo artist.[339] In October 2023, the song was revealed to be "Now and Then", with a physical and digital release date of 2 November 2023.[384][385] The official music video for "Now and Then" was released the following day, garnering upwards of 8 million views in its first 12 hours,[386] as the song arrived on Spotify's rankings as one of the most-streamed current songs.[385] "Now and Then" debuted simultaneously across music, alternative, news/talk and sports stations. The song's premiere achieved the record for the most radio stations to simulcast a music track.[387] The song became their first UK number-one single since 1969.[388] It was nominated for Record of the Year at the 67th Annual Grammy Awards.[389] The nominations were also historically significant for making "Now and Then" the first Artificial Intelligence-assisted track to be nominated for a Grammy award.[390] On 8 May 2024, the 1970 film Let It Be was released on Disney+, following a digital restoration by Jackson's Park Road Post; it was the first time it was publicly screened since its original theatrical release.[391] Artistry See also: Lennon–McCartney Development In Icons of Rock: An Encyclopedia of the Legends Who Changed Music Forever, Scott Schinder and Andy Schwartz describe the Beatles' musical evolution: In their initial incarnation as cheerful, wisecracking moptops, the Fab Four revolutionised the sound, style, and attitude of popular music and opened rock and roll's doors to a tidal wave of British rock acts. Their initial impact would have been enough to establish the Beatles as one of their era's most influential cultural forces, but they didn't stop there. Although their initial style was a highly original, irresistibly catchy synthesis of early American rock and roll and R&B, the Beatles spent the rest of the 1960s expanding rock's stylistic frontiers, consistently staking out new musical territory on each release. The band's increasingly sophisticated experimentation encompassed a variety of genres, including folk-rock, country, psychedelia, and baroque pop, without sacrificing the effortless mass appeal of their early work.[392] In The Beatles as Musicians, Walter Everett describes Lennon and McCartney's contrasting motivations and approaches to composition: "McCartney may be said to have constantly developed – as a means to entertain – a focused musical talent with an ear for counterpoint and other aspects of craft in the demonstration of a universally agreed-upon common language that he did much to enrich. Conversely, Lennon's mature music is best appreciated as the daring product of a largely unconscious, searching but undisciplined artistic sensibility."[393] Ian MacDonald describes McCartney as "a natural melodist – a creator of tunes capable of existing apart from their harmony". His melody lines are characterised as primarily "vertical", employing wide, consonant intervals which express his "extrovert energy and optimism". Conversely, Lennon's "sedentary, ironic personality" is reflected in a "horizontal" approach featuring minimal, dissonant intervals and repetitive melodies which rely on their harmonic accompaniment for interest: "Basically a realist, he instinctively kept his melodies close to the rhythms and cadences of speech, colouring his lyrics with bluesy tone and harmony rather than creating tunes that made striking shapes of their own."[394] MacDonald praises Harrison's lead guitar work for the role his "characterful lines and textural colourings" play in supporting Lennon and McCartney's parts and describes Starr as "the father of modern pop/rock drumming".[395] Influences The Beatles' earliest influences include Elvis Presley, Carl Perkins, Little Richard, Chuck Berry and Gene Vincent.[396][397] During the Beatles' co-residency with Little Richard at the Star-Club in Hamburg, from April to May 1962, he advised them on the proper technique for performing his songs.[398] Of Presley, Lennon said, "Nothing really affected me until I heard Elvis. If there hadn't been Elvis, there would not have been the Beatles."[399] Chuck Berry was particularly influential in terms of songwriting and lyrics. Lennon noted, "He was well advanced of his time lyric-wise. We all owe a lot to him."[400] Other early influences include Buddy Holly, Eddie Cochran, Roy Orbison,[401] the Everly Brothers[402] and Jerry Lee Lewis.[403] The Beatles continued to absorb influences long after their initial success, often finding new musical and lyrical avenues by listening to their contemporaries, including Bob Dylan, Smokey Robinson and the Miracles, the Who, Frank Zappa, the Lovin' Spoonful, the Byrds and the Beach Boys, whose 1966 album Pet Sounds amazed and inspired McCartney.[404][405][406][407][408] Referring to the Beach Boys' creative leader, Martin later stated: "No one made a greater impact on the Beatles than Brian [Wilson]."[409] Ravi Shankar, with whom Harrison studied for six weeks in India in late 1966, had a significant effect on his musical development during the band's later years.[410] Genres Originating as a skiffle group, the Beatles quickly embraced 1950s rock and roll and helped pioneer the Merseybeat genre,[411] and their repertoire ultimately expanded to include a broad variety of pop music.[412] Reflecting the range of styles they explored, Lennon said of Beatles for Sale, "You could call our new one a Beatles country-and-western LP",[413] while Gould credits Rubber Soul as "the instrument by which legions of folk-music enthusiasts were coaxed into the camp of pop".[414] Two electric guitars, a light brown violin-shaped bass and a darker brown guitar resting against a Vox amplifier A Höfner "violin" bass guitar and Gretsch Country Gentleman guitar, models played by McCartney and Harrison, respectively; the Vox AC30 amplifier behind them is the model the Beatles used during performances in the early 1960s. Although the 1965 song "Yesterday" was not the first pop record to employ orchestral strings, it marked the group's first recorded use of classical music elements. Gould observes, "The more traditional sound of strings allowed for a fresh appreciation of their talent as composers by listeners who were otherwise allergic to the din of drums and electric guitars."[415] They continued to experiment with string arrangements to various effect; Sgt. Pepper's "She's Leaving Home", for instance, is "cast in the mold of a sentimental Victorian ballad", Gould writes, "its words and music filled with the clichés of musical melodrama".[416] The band's stylistic range expanded in another direction with their 1966 B-side "Rain", described by Martin Strong as "the first overtly psychedelic Beatles record".[417] Other psychedelic numbers followed, such as "Tomorrow Never Knows" (recorded before "Rain"), "Strawberry Fields Forever", "Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds" and "I Am the Walrus". The influence of Indian classical music was evident in Harrison's "The Inner Light", "Love You To" and "Within You Without You" – Gould describes the latter two as attempts "to replicate the raga form in miniature".[418] Innovation was the most striking feature of their creative evolution, according to music historian and pianist Michael Campbell: "'A Day in the Life' encapsulates the art and achievement of the Beatles as well as any single track can. It highlights key features of their music: the sound imagination, the persistence of tuneful melody and the close coordination between words and music. It represents a new category of song – more sophisticated than pop ... and uniquely innovative. There literally had never before been a song – classical or vernacular – that had blended so many disparate elements so imaginatively."[419] Philosophy professor Bruce Ellis Benson agrees: "The Beatles ... give us a wonderful example of how such far-ranging influences as Celtic music, rhythm and blues, and country and western could be put together in a new way."[420] Author Dominic Pedler describes the way they crossed musical styles: "Far from moving sequentially from one genre to another (as is sometimes conveniently suggested) the group maintained in parallel their mastery of the traditional, catchy chart hit while simultaneously forging rock and dabbling with a wide range of peripheral influences from country to vaudeville. One of these threads was their take on folk music, which would form such essential groundwork for their later collisions with Indian music and philosophy."[421] As the personal relationships between the band members grew increasingly strained, their individual tastes became more apparent. The minimalistic cover artwork for the White Album contrasted with the complexity and diversity of its music, which encompassed Lennon's "Revolution 9" (whose musique concrète approach was influenced by Yoko Ono), Starr's country song "Don't Pass Me By", Harrison's rock ballad "While My Guitar Gently Weeps" and the "proto-metal roar" of McCartney's "Helter Skelter".[422] Contribution of George Martin The Beatles with George Martin in the studio in the mid-1960s George Martin (second from right) in the studio with the Beatles in the mid-1960s George Martin's close involvement in his role as producer made him one of the leading candidates for the informal title of the "fifth Beatle".[423] He applied his classical musical training in various ways and functioned as "an informal music teacher" to the progressing songwriters, according to Gould.[424] Martin suggested to a sceptical McCartney that the arrangement of "Yesterday" should feature a string quartet accompaniment, thereby introducing the Beatles to a "hitherto unsuspected world of classical instrumental colour", in MacDonald's description.[425] Their creative development was also facilitated by Martin's willingness to experiment in response to their suggestions, such as adding "something baroque" to a particular recording.[426] In addition to scoring orchestral arrangements for recordings, Martin often performed on them, playing instruments including piano, organ and brass.[427] Collaborating with Lennon and McCartney required Martin to adapt to their different approaches to songwriting and recording. MacDonald comments, "while [he] worked more naturally with the conventionally articulate McCartney, the challenge of catering to Lennon's intuitive approach generally spurred him to his more original arrangements, of which "Being for the Benefit of Mr. Kite!" is an outstanding example."[428] Martin said of the two composers' distinct songwriting styles and his stabilising influence: Compared with Paul's songs, all of which seemed to keep in some sort of touch with reality, John's had a psychedelic, almost mystical quality ... John's imagery is one of the best things about his work – 'tangerine trees', 'marmalade skies', 'cellophane flowers' ... I always saw him as an aural Salvador Dalí, rather than some drug-ridden record artist. On the other hand, I would be stupid to pretend that drugs didn't figure quite heavily in the Beatles' lives at that time ... they knew that I, in my schoolmasterly role, didn't approve ... Not only was I not into it myself, I couldn't see the need for it; and there's no doubt that, if I too had been on dope, Pepper would never have been the album it was. Perhaps it was the combination of dope and no dope that worked, who knows?[429] Harrison echoed Martin's description of his stabilising role: "I think we just grew through those years together, him as the straight man and us as the loonies; but he was always there for us to interpret our madness – we used to be slightly avant-garde on certain days of the week, and he would be there as the anchor person, to communicate that through the engineers and on to the tape."[430] In the studio See also: Recording practices of the Beatles Making innovative use of technology while expanding the possibilities of recorded music, the Beatles urged experimentation by Martin and his recording engineers. Seeking ways to put chance occurrences to creative use, accidental guitar feedback, a resonating glass bottle, a tape loaded the wrong way round so that it played backwards – any of these might be incorporated into their music.[431] Their desire to create new sounds on every new recording, combined with Martin's arranging abilities and the studio expertise of EMI staff engineers Norman Smith, Ken Townsend and Geoff Emerick, all contributed significantly to their records from Rubber Soul and, especially, Revolver onwards.[431] Along with innovative studio techniques such as sound effects, unconventional microphone placements, tape loops, double tracking and vari-speed recording, the Beatles augmented their songs with instruments that were unconventional in rock music at the time. These included string and brass ensembles as well as Indian instruments such as the sitar in "Norwegian Wood" and the swarmandal in "Strawberry Fields Forever".[432] They also used novel electronic instruments such as the Mellotron, with which McCartney supplied the flute voices on the "Strawberry Fields Forever" intro,[433] and the clavioline, an electronic keyboard that created the unusual oboe-like sound on "Baby, You're a Rich Man".[434] Legacy Main article: Cultural impact of the Beatles Statue in Liverpool The Beatles statue at Pier Head in Liverpool, their home city Road crossing in London Abbey Road crossing in London is a popular destination for Beatles fans. In December 2010 it was given grade II listed status for its "cultural and historical importance"; the Abbey Road studios themselves had been given similar status earlier in the year.[435] Former Rolling Stone magazine associate editor Robert Greenfield compared the Beatles to Picasso, as "artists who broke through the constraints of their time period to come up with something that was unique and original ... [I]n the form of popular music, no one will ever be more revolutionary, more creative and more distinctive ..."[357] The British poet Philip Larkin described their work as "an enchanting and intoxicating hybrid of Negro rock-and-roll with their own adolescent romanticism" and "the first advance in popular music since the War".[436] In 1964, the Beatles' arrival in the U.S. is credited with initiating the album era;[437] the music historian Joel Whitburn says that LP sales soon "exploded and eventually outpaced the sales and releases of singles" in the music industry.[438] They not only sparked the British Invasion of the US,[439] they became a globally influential phenomenon as well.[440] From the 1920s, the US had dominated popular entertainment culture throughout much of the world, via Hollywood films, jazz, the music of Broadway and Tin Pan Alley, and later, the rock and roll that first emerged in Memphis, Tennessee.[343] The Beatles are regarded as British cultural icons, with young adults from abroad naming the band among a group of people whom they most associated with UK culture.[441][442] Their musical innovations and commercial success inspired musicians worldwide.[440][443] Many artists have acknowledged the Beatles' influence and enjoyed chart success with covers of their songs.[444] On radio, their arrival marked the beginning of a new era; in 1968 the programme director of New York's WABC radio station forbade his DJs from playing any "pre-Beatles" music, marking the defining line of what would be considered oldies on American radio.[445] They helped to redefine the album as something more than just a few hits padded out with "filler",[446] and they were primary innovators of the modern music video.[447] The Shea Stadium show with which they opened their 1965 North American tour attracted an estimated 55,600 people,[147] then the largest audience in concert history; Spitz describes the event as a "major breakthrough ... a giant step toward reshaping the concert business".[448] Emulation of their clothing and especially their hairstyles, which became a mark of rebellion, had a global impact on fashion.[105] According to Gould, the Beatles changed the way people listened to popular music and experienced its role in their lives. From what began as the Beatlemania fad, the group's popularity grew into what was seen as an embodiment of sociocultural movements of the decade. As icons of the 1960s counterculture, Gould continues, they became a catalyst for bohemianism and activism in various social and political arenas, fuelling movements such as women's liberation, gay liberation and environmentalism.[449] According to Peter Lavezzoli, after the "more popular than Jesus" controversy in 1966, the Beatles felt considerable pressure to say the right things and "began a concerted effort to spread a message of wisdom and higher consciousness".[171] Other commentators such as Mikal Gilmore and Todd Leopold have traced the inception of their sociocultural impact earlier, interpreting even the Beatlemania period, particularly on their first visit to the US, as a key moment in the development of generational awareness.[103][450] Referring to their appearance on the Ed Sullivan Show Leopold states: "In many ways, the Sullivan appearance marked the beginning of a cultural revolution ... The Beatles were like aliens dropped into the United States of 1964."[450] According to Gilmore: Elvis Presley had shown us how rebellion could be fashioned into eye-opening style; the Beatles were showing us how style could have the impact of cultural revelation – or at least how a pop vision might be forged into an unimpeachable consensus.[103] Established in 2009, Global Beatles Day is an annual holiday on 25 June each year that honours and celebrates the ideals of the Beatles.[451] The date was chosen to commemorate the date the group participated in the BBC programme Our World in 1967, performing "All You Need Is Love" broadcast to an international audience.[452] Awards and achievements See also: List of awards and nominations received by the Beatles In 1965, Queen Elizabeth II appointed Lennon, McCartney, Harrison and Starr Members of the Order of the British Empire (MBE).[136] The Beatles won the 1971 Academy Award for Best Original Song Score for the film Let It Be (1970).[301] The recipients of seven Grammy Awards[453] and fifteen Ivor Novello Awards,[454] the Beatles have six Diamond albums, as well as 20 Multi-Platinum albums, 16 Platinum albums and six Gold albums in the US.[312] In the UK, the Beatles have four Multi-Platinum albums, four Platinum albums, eight Gold albums and one Silver album.[313] They were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1988.[332] The best-selling band in history, the Beatles have sold more than 600 million units as of 2012.[455][nb 11] From 1991 to 2009 the Beatles sold 57 million albums in United States, according to Nielsen Soundscan.[457] They have had more number-one albums on the UK charts, fifteen,[458] and sold more singles in the UK, 21.9 million, than any other act.[459] In 2004, Rolling Stone ranked the Beatles as the most significant and influential rock music artists of the last 50 years.[460] They ranked number one on Billboard magazine's list of the all-time most successful Hot 100 artists, released in 2008 to celebrate the US singles chart's 50th anniversary.[461] As of 2017, they hold the record for most number-one hits on the Billboard Hot 100, with twenty.[462] The Recording Industry Association of America certifies that the Beatles have sold 183 million units in the US, more than any other artist.[463] They were collectively included in Time magazine's compilation of the 20th century's 100 most influential people.[464] In 2014, they received the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award.[465] On 16 January each year, beginning in 2001, people celebrate World Beatles Day under UNESCO. This date has direct relation to the opening of the Cavern Club in 1957.[466][467] In 2007, the Beatles became the first band to feature on a series of UK postage stamps issued by the Royal Mail.[468] Earlier in 1999, the United States Postal Service issued a stamp dedicated to the Beatles and Yellow Submarine.[469] In 2004 and 2011, Rolling Stone named them the greatest artist of all time. Elvis Costello wrote: The word Beatlesque has been in the dictionary for a while now. I can hear them in the Prince album Around the World in a Day; in Ron Sexsmith's tunes; in Harry Nilsson's melodies. You can hear that Kurt Cobain listened to the Beatles and mixed them in with punk and metal in some of his songs. You probably wouldn't be listening to the ambition of the latest OutKast record if the Beatles hadn't made the White Album into a double LP! I've co-written some songs with Paul McCartney and performed with him in concert on two occasions. In 1999, a little time after Linda McCartney's death, Paul did the Concert for Linda, organized by Chrissie Hynde. During the rehearsal, I was singing harmony on a Ricky Nelson song, and Paul called out the next tune: "All My Loving." I said, "Do you want me to take the harmony line the second time round?" And he said, "Yeah, give it a try." I'd only had thirty-five years to learn the part. It was a very poignant performance, witnessed only by the crew and other artists on the bill. At the show, it was very different. The second he sang the opening lines — "Close your eyes, and I'll kiss you" — the crowd's reaction was so intense that it all but drowned the song out. It was very thrilling but also rather disconcerting. Perhaps I understood in that moment one of the reasons why the Beatles had to stop performing. The songs weren't theirs anymore. They were everybody's.[470][471] Personnel Further information: List of members of bands featuring members of the Beatles Principal members John Lennon – vocals, guitars, keyboards, harmonica, bass (1960–1969; died 1980) Paul McCartney – vocals, bass, guitars, keyboards, drums (1960–1970) George Harrison – guitars, vocals, sitar, keyboards, bass (1960–1970; died 2001) Ringo Starr – drums, percussion, vocals (1962–1970) Early members Stuart Sutcliffe – bass, vocals (1960–1961; died 1962) Tommy Moore – drums (1960; died 1981) Norman Chapman – drums (1960; died 1995) Pete Best – drums, vocals (1960–1962) Chas Newby – bass (1960; died 2023) Touring musicians Jimmie Nicol – drums (1964) Timeline Discography Main articles: The Beatles albums discography, The Beatles singles discography, and List of songs recorded by the Beatles The Beatles' core catalogue consists of thirteen studio albums and one compilation album which collects all the UK non-album singles and EP tracks:[472][nb 12] Please Please Me (1963) With the Beatles (1963) A Hard Day's Night (1964) Beatles for Sale (1964) Help! (1965) Rubber Soul (1965) Revolver (1966) Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band (1967) Magical Mystery Tour (1967) The Beatles ("The White Album") (1968) Yellow Submarine (1969) Abbey Road (1969) Let It Be (1970) Past Masters (1988, compilation) Song catalogue Until 1969, the Beatles' catalogue was published almost exclusively by Northern Songs, a company formed in February 1963 by music publisher Dick James specifically for Lennon and McCartney, though it later acquired songs by other artists. The company was organised with James and his partner, Emmanuel Silver, owning a controlling interest, variously described as 51% or 50% plus one share. McCartney had 20%. Reports again vary concerning Lennon's portion – 19 or 20% – and Brian Epstein's – 9 or 10% – which he received in lieu of a 25% band management fee.[473][474][475] In 1965, the company went public. 5 million shares were created, of which the original principals retained 3.75 million. James and Silver each received 937,500 shares (18.75% of 5 million); Lennon and McCartney each received 750,000 shares (15%); and Epstein's management company, NEMS Enterprises, received 375,000 shares (7.5%). Of the 1.25 million shares put up for sale, Harrison and Starr each acquired 40,000.[476] At the time of the stock offering, Lennon and McCartney renewed their three-year publishing contracts, binding them to Northern Songs until 1973.[477] Harrison created Harrisongs to represent his Beatles compositions, but signed a three-year contract with Northern Songs that gave it the copyright to his work through March 1968, which included "Taxman" and "Within You Without You".[478] The songs on which Starr received co-writing credit before 1968, such as "What Goes On" and "Flying", were also Northern Songs copyrights.[479] Harrison did not renew his contract with Northern Songs when it ended, signing instead with Apple Publishing while retaining the copyright to his work from that point on. Harrison thus owned the rights to his later Beatles songs such as "While My Guitar Gently Weeps" and "Something". That year, as well, Starr created Startling Music, which holds the rights to his Beatles compositions, "Don't Pass Me By" and "Octopus's Garden".[480][481] In March 1969, James arranged to sell his and his partner's shares of Northern Songs to the British broadcasting company Associated Television (ATV), founded by impresario Lew Grade, without first informing the Beatles. The band then made a bid to gain a controlling interest by attempting to work out a deal with a consortium of London brokerage firms that had accumulated a 14% holding.[482] The deal collapsed over the objections of Lennon, who declared, "I'm sick of being f*cked about by men in suits sitting on their fat arses in the City".[483] By the end of May, ATV had acquired a majority stake in Northern Songs, controlling nearly the entire Lennon–McCartney catalogue, as well as any future material until 1973.[484] In frustration, Lennon and McCartney sold their shares to ATV in late October 1969.[485] In 1981, financial losses by ATV's parent company, Associated Communications Corporation (ACC), led it to attempt to sell its music division. According to authors Brian Southall and Rupert Perry, Grade contacted McCartney, offering ATV Music and Northern Songs for $30 million.[486] According to an account McCartney gave in 1995, he met with Grade and explained he was interested solely in the Northern Songs catalogue if Grade were ever willing to "separate off" that portion of ATV Music. Soon afterwards, Grade offered to sell him Northern Songs for £20 million, giving the ex-Beatle "a week or so" to decide. By McCartney's account, he and Ono countered with a £5 million bid that was rejected.[487] According to reports at the time, Grade refused to separate Northern Songs and turned down an offer of £21–25 million from McCartney and Ono for Northern Songs. In 1982, ACC was acquired in a takeover by Australian business magnate Robert Holmes à Court for £60 million.[488] In 1985, Michael Jackson purchased ATV for a reported $47.5 million. The acquisition gave him control over the publishing rights to more than 200 Beatles songs, as well as 40,000 other copyrights.[489] In 1995, in a deal that earned him a reported $110 million, Jackson merged his music publishing business with Sony, creating a new company, Sony/ATV Music Publishing, in which he held a 50% stake. The merger made the new company, then valued at over half a billion dollars, the third-largest music publisher in the world.[490] In 2016, Sony acquired Jackson's share of Sony/ATV from the Jackson estate for $750 million.[491] Despite the lack of publishing rights to most of their songs, Lennon's estate and McCartney continue to receive their respective shares of the writers' royalties, which together are 331⁄3% of total commercial proceeds in the US and which vary elsewhere around the world between 50 and 55%.[492] Two of Lennon and McCartney's earliest songs – "Love Me Do" and "P.S. I Love You" – were published by an EMI subsidiary, Ardmore & Beechwood, before they signed with James. McCartney acquired their publishing rights from Ardmore[493] in 1978,[494] and they are the only two Beatles songs owned by McCartney's company MPL Communications.[495] On 18 January 2017, McCartney filed a suit in the United States district court against Sony/ATV Music Publishing seeking to reclaim ownership of his share of the Lennon–McCartney song catalogue beginning in 2018. Under US copyright law, for works published before 1978 the author can reclaim copyrights assigned to a publisher after 56 years.[496][497] McCartney and Sony agreed to a confidential settlement in June 2017.[498][499] Selected filmography Main article: The Beatles in film Fictionalised A Hard Day's Night (1964) Help! (1965) Magical Mystery Tour (1967) Yellow Submarine (1968) (brief cameo) Documentaries and filmed performances The Beatles at Shea Stadium (1966) Let It Be (1970) The Compleat Beatles (1982) It Was Twenty Years Ago Today (1987) (about Sgt. Pepper) The Beatles Anthology (1995) The Beatles: 1+ (2015) (collection of digitally restored music videos) The Beatles: Eight Days a Week (2016) (about Beatlemania and touring years) The Beatles: Get Back (2021) Now and Then: The Last Beatles Song (2023) (short film about the creation of "Now and Then") Concert tours Main article: List of the Beatles' live performances Headlining 1963 UK tours (winter–autumn) Autumn 1963 Sweden tour Winter 1964 North American tour Spring 1964 UK tour 1964 world tour 1964 North American tour 1965 European tour 1965 US tour 1965 UK tour 1966 tour of Germany, Japan and the Philippines 1966 US tour Co-headlining Winter 1963 Helen Shapiro Tour Spring 1963 Tommy Roe/Chris Montez UK tour Roy Orbison/The Beatles Tour See also Outline of the Beatles The Beatles timeline Grammy Award records – most Grammys won by a group List of songs recorded by the Beatles Notes Lennon said of Epstein, "We used to dress how we liked, on and off stage. He'd tell us that jeans were not particularly smart and could we possibly manage to wear proper trousers, but he didn't want us suddenly looking square. He'd let us have our own sense of individuality."[42] "She Loves You" was surpassed in sales by "Mull of Kintyre", by McCartney's post-Beatles band Wings.[65] Vee-Jay company president Ewart Abner resigned after it was disclosed he used company funds to cover gambling debts.[88] During the same week in April 1964, a third American Beatles LP joined the two already in circulation; two of the three reached the first spot on the Billboard albums chart, the third peaked at number two.[109] Harrison's ringing 12-string inspired Roger McGuinn, who obtained his own Rickenbacker and used it to craft the trademark sound of the Byrds.[115] Starr was briefly hospitalised after a tonsillectomy, and Jimmie Nicol sat in on drums for the first five dates.[117] It was not until Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band in 1967 that a Beatles album was released with identical track listings in both the UK and the US.[168] Poirier identified what he termed its "mixed allusiveness": "It's unwise ever to assume that they're doing only one thing or expressing themselves in only one style ... one kind of feeling about a subject isn't enough ... any single induced feeling must often exist within the context of seemingly contradictory alternatives."[205] McCartney said at the time: "We write songs. We know what we mean by them. But in a week someone else says something about it, and you can't deny it. ... You put your own meaning at your own level to our songs."[205] Epstein had been in a fragile emotional state, stressed by personal troubles. It was speculated that he was concerned that the band might not renew his management contract, due to expire in October, over discontent with his supervision of business matters, particularly regarding Seltaeb, the company that handled their US merchandising rights.[225] The band unsuccessfully attempted to block the 1977 release of Live! at the Star-Club in Hamburg, Germany; 1962. The independently issued album compiled recordings made during the group's Hamburg residency, taped on a basic recording machine using only one microphone.[316] Another estimate gives total international sales of over 1 billion units,[343] a figure based on EMI's statement and recognised by Guinness World Records.[456] According to Lewisohn on pg. 201, the Past Masters compilation of singles and EP tracks was originally released as two separate albums, Volumes One and Two in 1988. However, they were later merged into one compilation. References Citations Hasted 2017, p. 425. Frontani 2007, p. 125. Frontani 2007, p. 157. Siggins, Gerard (7 February 2016). "Yeah, Yeah, Yeah! Rare footage of the Beatles's Dublin performance". Irish Independent. Archived from the original on 9 November 2019. Retrieved 1 December 2017. Hotten, Russell (4 October 2012). "The Beatles at 50: From Fab Four to fabulously wealthy". BBC News. Archived from the original on 12 March 2013. Retrieved 28 January 2013. "Greatest of All Time Artists". Billboard. Archived from the original on 14 November 2019. Retrieved 21 March 2023. Lewisohn 2013, pp. 104. Spitz 2005, pp. 93–99. Miles 1997, p. 47; Spitz 2005, p. 127. Miles 1997, p. 47. Lewisohn 1992, p. 13. Harry 2000a, p. 103. Lewisohn 1992, p. 17. Harry 2000b, pp. 742–743. Smith, Alan (9 August 1963). "The Beatles, Paul McCartney: Close-Up on Paul McCartney, a Beatle". New Musical Express. London, England: NME Networks. Lewisohn 1992, p. 18. Gilliland 1969, show 27, track 4. Lewisohn 1992, pp. 18–22. Lewisohn 1992, pp. 21–25. Lewisohn 1992, p. 22. Lewisohn 1992, p. 23. Lewisohn 1992, pp. 24, 33. Gould 2007, p. 88. Lewisohn 1992, p. 24. Lewisohn 1992, pp. 24–25. Lewisohn 1992, p. 25. Spitz 2005, pp. 222–224. Miles 1997, pp. 66–67. Lewisohn 1992, p. 32. Miles 1997, p. 76. Gould 2007, pp. 89, 94. Spitz 2005, pp. 249–251. Lewisohn 2013, p. 450. Everett 2001, p. 100. Lewisohn 1992, p. 33. Miles 1997, pp. 84–87. Lewisohn 1992, pp. 34–35. Miles 1997, pp. 84–88. Winn 2008, p. 10. Lewisohn 1992, p. 56. Lewisohn 2013, p. 612, 629. The Beatles 2000, p. 67. Lewisohn 1992, p. 59. Spitz 2005, pp. 318, 322. Miles 1998, pp. 49–50. Lewisohn 1992, pp. 59–60. Lewisohn 1992, pp. 81, 355. The Beatles 2000, p. 90. Lewisohn 1992, pp. 62, 84. Harry 2000a, p. 875. Lewisohn 1992, pp. 62, 86. Gould 2007, p. 191. Harry 2000a, p. 494. Gould 2007, pp. 128, 133–134. Womack 2007, p. 76. Gould 2007, p. 147. Lewisohn 1992, pp. 88, 351. Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. "Please Please Me – The Beatles". AllMusic. Archived from the original on 30 May 2012. Retrieved 21 December 2011. Sheff 1981, p. 129. Davies 1968, p. 200. Lewisohn 1988, p. 35. Lewisohn 1992, pp. 90, 351. Lewisohn 1992, pp. 89, 350–351. Gould 2007, p. 159. Harry 2000a, p. 990. Gould 2007, pp. 166–169. Lewisohn 1992, pp. 90, 98–105, 109–112. Pawlowski 1990, p. 146. Spitz 2005, pp. 444–445. Lewisohn 1992, p. 88. Lewisohn 1992, p. 90. Miles 1998, p. 86. Harry 2000a, p. 1088. Lewisohn 1992, pp. 92–93. Lewisohn 1992, pp. 127–133. Davies 1968, pp. 184–185. Miles 2001, p. 111. Lewisohn 1992, pp. 90, 92, 100. Lewisohn 1992, p. 93. Gould 2007, p. 187. Harry 2000a, p. 1161. Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. "With the Beatles – The Beatles". AllMusic. Archived from the original on 30 May 2012. Retrieved 21 December 2011. Gould 2007, pp. 187–188. Harry 2000a, p. 1162. Harry 2000b, p. 978. Harry 2000a, p. 402. Lewisohn 1992, p. 350. Spizer 2004, p. 36. Spizer 2004, p. 40. Harry 2000a, pp. 225–226, 228, 1118–1122. Vries, Lloyd (16 January 2004). "Beatles' 'Helping Hand' Shuns Fame". CBS News. Archived from the original on 6 August 2017. Retrieved 28 June 2017. Everett 2001, p. 206. Lewisohn 1992, pp. 136, 350. Spizer 2004, p. 96. Davies 1968, p. 218. Spitz 2005, p. 457. Spitz 2005, p. 459. Lewisohn 1992, p. 137. Gould 2007, p. 3. Spitz 2005, pp. 473–474. Harry 2000a, pp. 1134–1135. Lewisohn 1992, pp. 137, 146–147. Gilmore, Mikal (23 August 1990). "Bob Dylan, the Beatles, and the Rock of the Sixties". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on 19 February 2018. Retrieved 19 February 2018. Hamilton, Jack (18 November 2013). "Did JFK's Death Make Beatlemania Possible?". Slate. Archived from the original on 25 September 2014. Retrieved 23 September 2014. Gould 2007, p. 345. Gould 2007, pp. 9, 250, 285. Puterbaugh, Parke (14 July 1988). "The British Invasion: From the Beatles to the Stones, The Sixties Belonged to Britain". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on 30 May 2017. Retrieved 19 February 2018. Lewisohn 1992, p. 138. Lewisohn 1992, p. 351. Harry 2000a, pp. 483–484. Gould 2007, pp. 230–232. Harry 2000a, pp. 489–490. Lewisohn 1988, p. 47. Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. "A Hard Day's Night – The Beatles". AllMusic. Archived from the original on 30 May 2012. Retrieved 21 December 2011. Gould 2007, pp. 286–287. Lewisohn 1992, pp. 161–165. Lewisohn 1992, pp. 160–161, 163. Gould 2007, p. 249. Gould 2007, p. 252. Miles 1997, p. 185. Gould 2007, pp. 252–253. Gould 2007, p. 253. "The Beatles Banned Segregated Audiences, Contract Shows". BBC News. 18 September 2011. Archived from the original on 14 February 2018. Retrieved 17 February 2018. Mirken, Bruce (11 September 2013). "1964, Civil Rights – and the Beatles?". Greenling Institute. Archived from the original on 20 February 2018. Retrieved 17 February 2018. Lewisohn 1992, p. 171. "Beatles Refused to Play for Segregated Audiences, Contract Reveal". Huffington Post. 16 November 2011. Archived from the original on 16 May 2017. Retrieved 17 February 2018. Gould 2007, pp. 255–256. Lewisohn 1992, pp. 167–176. Gould 2007, p. 256. Herbert, Ian (9 September 2006). "Revealed: Dentist who introduced Beatles to LSD". The Independent. Archived from the original on 13 May 2018. Retrieved 13 May 2018. Gould 2007, p. 316. Glazer. 1977. p. 41. "George Talks About LSD". Strawberry Fields. 25 September 2008. Archived from the original on 12 April 2019. Retrieved 12 April 2019. Gould 2007, p. 317. Brown & Gaines 2002, p. 228. Spitz 2005, p. 556. Spitz 2005, p. 557. Gould 2007, p. 275. Gould 2007, p. 274. Gould 2007, pp. 276–277. Lewisohn 1988, p. 62. Gould 2007, pp. 276–280. Gould 2007, pp. 290–292; Lewisohn 1988, pp. 59, 62. Lewisohn 1988, p. 59. Schaal, Eric (29 June 2019). "Is The Beatles' 'Yesterday' Really the Most-Covered Song of All Time?". Cheatsheet. Archived from the original on 7 May 2020. Retrieved 6 January 2020. Schonfeld, Zach (15 February 2016). "The Most Ridiculous 'Album of the Year' Winners in Grammy History". Newsweek. Archived from the original on 8 November 2018. Retrieved 24 January 2019. Lewisohn 1992, p. 181. Emerson, Bo (11 August 2009). "Beatles Atlanta show made history in more ways than one". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Archived from the original on 14 May 2013. Retrieved 27 October 2012. Harry 2000a, pp. 882–883. Gould 2007, pp. 283–284. The Beatles 2000, p. 192. Guralnick, Peter (1999). Careless Love: The Unmaking of Elvis Presley. Little, Brown and Co. pp. 419–422. McNeil 1996, p. 82. "Animators". beatlescartoon.com. Archived from the original on 29 March 2016. Retrieved 12 April 2016. Lewisohn 1992, p. 202. Hertsgaard 1995, pp. 149–150. Unterberger, Richie. "Rubber Soul – The Beatles". AllMusic. Archived from the original on 13 October 2019. Retrieved 21 December 2011. Brown & Gaines 2002, pp. 181–182. The Beatles 2000, p. 194. Gould 2007, pp. 297–298, 423. Spitz 2005, pp. 584–592. Miles 1997, pp. 268, 276, 278–279. Spitz 2005, p. 587. Spitz 2005, p. 591. The Beatles 2000, p. 197. Harry 2000b, p. 780. Gould 2007, pp. 295–296. Southall & Perry 2006, p. 59. Harry 2000a, p. 1187. Gaffney, Dennis (5 January 2004). "The Beatles' "Butcher" Cover". Antiques Roadshow Online. Public Broadcasting Service. Archived from the original on 28 April 2017. Retrieved 15 September 2017. Lavezzoli 2006, p. 176. Spitz 2005, p. 619. Spitz 2005, p. 620. Spitz 2005, p. 623. Lavezzoli 2006, p. 177. Gould 2007, p. 309. Lewisohn 1992, pp. 212–213. Gould 2007, pp. 307–309. Norman 2008, p. 449. Gould 2007, p. 346. Gould 2007, p. 348. Lewisohn 1992, pp. 350–351. Austerlitz 2007, p. 18. Lewisohn 1992, pp. 221–222. Gould 2007, pp. 364–366. Gould 2007, pp. 350, 402. Schaffner 1978, p. 63. Turner 2016, p. 162. Harry 2000a, p. 1093. Lewisohn 1992, pp. 210, 230. Lewisohn 1992, pp. 361–365. Ingham 2006, p. 44. Miles 1997, pp. 293–295. Gould 2007, pp. 5–6, 249, 281, 347. Harry 2000a, p. 970. Lewisohn 1992, p. 232. Emerick & Massey 2006, p. 190. Gould 2007, pp. 387–388. MacDonald 2005, p. 221. Everett 1999, p. 123. Gould 2007, pp. 420–425. Gould 2007, p. 418. Lewisohn 1992, p. 236. Inglis 2008, p. 96. Gould 2007, pp. 423–425. Gould 2007, pp. 394–395. MacDonald 2005, p. 312. The Beatles 2000, p. 248. The Beatles 2000, p. 236. Harris 2005, pp. 12–13. "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band, The Beatles" > "Chart Facts". Official Charts Company. Archived from the original on 20 August 2018. Retrieved 11 November 2018. Frontani 2007, p. 147. Spitz 2005, p. 697. "Grammy Award Nominees 1968". Archived from the original on 7 December 2023. Retrieved 27 February 2024. Ghoshal, Somak (21 June 2017). "On World Music Day, A Salute To These Guys Who Made History 50 Years Ago". HuffPost. Archived from the original on 27 September 2018. Retrieved 3 October 2018. Lewisohn 1988, pp. 41, 110–111, 122. Miles 2001, pp. 276–77. Lewisohn 1992, pp. 237, 259–260. Gould 2007, pp. 428–429. Everett 1999, p. 129. Womack 2007, p. 197. Knott, Jonathan (9 September 2023). "'Used as propaganda': the Beatles' Greek island plans and international politics". Journal of Beatles Studies. 2023 (Spring/Autumn): 109–141. doi:10.3828/jbs.2023.7. ISSN 2754-7019. S2CID 261671152. Spitz 2005, pp. 709, 713–719. Brown & Gaines 2002, p. 249. Brown & Gaines 2002, pp. 227–228. The Beatles 2000, p. 268. Norman 2008, p. 508. Boyd 2008, pp. 106–107. Gould 2007, p. 452. Neaverson 1997, p. 53. Larkin 2006, p. 488. Unterberger, Richie. "Magical Mystery Tour – The Beatles". AllMusic. Archived from the original on 30 May 2012. Retrieved 21 December 2011. Harry 2000a, p. 699. Schaffner 1978, p. 90. Miles 1997, pp. 368–69. Gould 2007, pp. 455–456. Harry 2000a, p. 703. Lewisohn 1992, p. 276. Gould 2007, p. 485. Gould 2007, pp. 487–88, 505–506. Lewisohn 1992, pp. 304, 350. Harry 2000a, pp. 108–109. Gould 2007, pp. 463–468. Harry 2000a, pp. 705–706. Lewisohn 1992, p. 282. Doggett 2011, pp. 20, 26. Doggett 2011, p. 26. MacDonald 2005, pp. 280–281. Doggett 2011, p. 22. Doggett 2011, pp. 20, 22, 25, 35. Gould 2007, pp. 510–511. Gould 2007, p. 510. MacDonald 2005, p. 310. Winn 2009, pp. 205–207. Gould 2007, pp. 513, 516. Emerick & Massey 2006, p. 246. Harry 2000b, p. 103. The Beatles 2000, p. 310. The Beatles 2000, p. 237. Harry 2000b, p. 102. Miles 2001, p. 315. Faust, Edwin (1 September 2003). "On Second Thought: The Beatles – The Beatles". Stylus Magazine. Archived from the original on 23 December 2008. Retrieved 18 December 2016. Lewisohn 1988, pp. 137, 146, 150, 152. Gould 2007, p. 509. Lewisohn 1988, p. 152. Lewisohn 1992, p. 278. Gould 2007, p. 528. MacDonald 2005, pp. 311–313. Harry 2000b, p. 539. Lewisohn 1992, p. 306–307. Lewisohn 1992, p. 310. Lewisohn 1992, p. 307. Lewisohn 1992, pp. 306–307, 309. Lewisohn 1992, pp. 309–314. Harry 2000a, pp. 451, 660. Lewisohn 1992, pp. 307–308, 312. Lewisohn 1992, pp. 309, 316–323. Harry 2000a, p. 612. Doggett 2011, pp. 70, 132. Miles 2001, p. 336. Doggett 2011, pp. 71–72. Goodman 2015, pp. 164–166. Lewisohn 1992, p. 322. Goodman 2015, pp. 174–175. Gould 2007, p. 560. Lewisohn 1992, p. 324. Gould 2007, p. 563. Emerick & Massey 2006, pp. 277–278. Lewisohn 1988, p. 191. Williams, Richard (11 September 2019). "This tape rewrites everything we knew about the Beatles". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 11 September 2019. Retrieved 12 September 2019. Norman 2008, pp. 622–624. Gould 2007, p. 593. Miles 1997, p. 553. Unterberger, Richie. "Abbey Road – The Beatles". AllMusic. Archived from the original on 29 May 2012. Retrieved 21 December 2011. MacDonald 2005, p. 367. Lewisohn 1992, p. 342. Lewisohn 1992, pp. 342–343. Lewisohn 1992, p. 349. Harry 2000a, p. 682. Spitz 2005, p. 853. Southall & Perry 2006, p. 96. Gould 2007, p. 600. Gould 2007, p. 601. Unterberger, Richie. "Let It Be – The Beatles". AllMusic. Archived from the original on 6 August 2013. Retrieved 21 December 2011. Harry 2002, p. 139. Harry 2002, p. 150. Pang 2008, p. 118. Gould 2007, pp. 601–604. Gould 2007, pp. 603–604. Sandford 2006, pp. 227–229. Ingham 2006, p. 69. "Gold & Platinum Artist Tallies". Recording Industry Association of America. Archived from the original on 16 February 2019. Retrieved 16 February 2019. "Certified Awards Search". British Phonographic Industry. Archived from the original on 15 January 2013. Retrieved 6 October 2009. Southall & Perry 2006, p. 109. Ingham 2006, pp. 66, 69. Harry 2000a, pp. 124–126. Southall & Perry 2006, pp. 109–110. "The Theater: Contagious Vulgarity". Time. 2 December 1974. Archived from the original on 16 October 2015. Retrieved 27 August 2015. Rodriguez 2010, pp. 306–307. Ingham 2006, pp. 66–67. Ingham 2006, p. 66. Schaffner 1978, pp. 169–72. Brennan, Peter (9 May 1976). "$150m Beatles blitz all set to blast U.S. again". San Antonio Express. Archived from the original on 19 November 2023. Retrieved 19 November 2023. Radel, Cliff (20 June 1976). "Capitol Album May Fuel Beatles Revival". The Cincinnati Enquirer. Archived from the original on 19 November 2023. Retrieved 19 November 2023. Doggett 2011, p. 155. Badman 1999, p. 284. Harry 2002, pp. 412–413. Snider, Eric (19 September 2012) "Eric's Bad Movies: Give My Regards to Broad Street (1984)" Archived 26 December 2021 at the Wayback Machine MTV.com. Retrieved 26 December 2021. Loder, Kurt (17 January 1985) "Give My Regards to Broad Street (Soundtrack)" Archived 26 December 2021 at the Wayback Machine Rolling Stone. Retrieved 26 December 2021. Doggett 2009, p. 292. "The Beatles' Entire Original Recorded Catalogue Remastered by Apple Corps Ltd" (Press release). EMI. 7 April 2009. Archived from the original on 1 April 2012. Retrieved 25 March 2011. "Inductees: The Beatles". Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Archived from the original on 27 August 2016. Retrieved 14 April 2012. Harry 2002, p. 753. Kozinn, Allan (10 November 1989). "Beatles and Record Label Reach Pact and End Suit". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 24 January 2011. Retrieved 27 September 2009. Harry 2002, p. 192. Harry 2000a, pp. 661–663. Harry 2000a, pp. 110–111. Harry 2000a, pp. 111–112, 428, 907–908. "Sir Paul McCartney says artificial intelligence has enabled a 'final' Beatles song". BBC News. 13 June 2023. Archived from the original on 5 August 2023. Retrieved 13 June 2023. Harry 2000a, pp. 111–112. Doggett 2009, p. 342. "Beatles '1' is fastest selling album ever". CNN. Reuters. 6 December 2000. Archived from the original on 2 March 2012. Retrieved 26 February 2012. Gould 2007, p. 9. Southall & Perry 2006, p. 204. Lewis, Randy (8 April 2009). "Beatles' Catalog Will Be Reissued Sept. 9 in Remastered Versions". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 11 April 2009. Retrieved 2 May 2009. "George Harrison's Death Certificate". The Smoking Gun. Archived from the original on 28 June 2012. Retrieved 22 June 2012. "George Harrison Dies". BBC. 30 November 2001. Archived from the original on 4 September 2009. Retrieved 27 September 2009. Harry 2003, p. 119. Harry 2003, pp. 138–139. Hurwitz, Matt (1 January 2004). "The Naked Truth About The Beatles' Let It BeNaked [sic]". Mix. Archived from the original on 30 May 2013. Retrieved 21 May 2013. Womack 2007, p. 100. "Beatles to release new album". NME. 2 October 2006. Archived from the original on 11 October 2011. Collett-White, Mike (17 November 2008). "McCartney Hints at Mythical Beatles Track Release". Reuters. Archived from the original on 9 February 2011. Retrieved 20 October 2009. Lustig, Jay (5 April 2009). "Paul McCartney, Ringo Starr Perform Together in Support of Transcendental Meditation". The Star-Ledger. Archived from the original on 15 November 2013. Retrieved 6 June 2012. Eccleston, Danny (9 September 2009). "Beatles Remasters Reviewed". Mojo. Archived from the original on 7 October 2009. Retrieved 13 October 2009. Collett-White, Mike (7 April 2009). "Original Beatles digitally remastered". Reuters. Archived from the original on 9 February 2011. Retrieved 13 October 2009. Gross, Doug (4 September 2009). "Still Relevant After Decades, The Beatles Set to Rock 9 September 2009". CNN. Archived from the original on 6 September 2009. Retrieved 6 September 2009. Martens, Todd (4 November 2009). "Meet the Beatles' USB Drive; EMI Files Suit Against BlueBeat for Selling Beatles Downloads". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 6 November 2009. Retrieved 5 November 2009. La Monica, Paul R. (7 September 2005). "Hey iTunes, Don't Make It Bad ..." CNN Money. Archived from the original on 4 September 2009. Retrieved 25 July 2009. Kaplan, David (25 November 2008). "Beatles tracks not coming to iTunes any time soon; McCartney: Talks at an impasse". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 17 March 2014. Retrieved 16 September 2009. Aswad, Jem (16 November 2010). "Beatles End Digital Boycott, Catalog Now on iTunes". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on 17 December 2010. Retrieved 17 November 2010. Ingham, Tim (26 November 2012). "Universal's Capitol takes shape: Barnett in, Beatles on roster". Music Week. Archived from the original on 8 February 2013. Retrieved 28 February 2013. Lewis, Randy (27 September 2012). "Beatles album catalog will get back to vinyl Nov. 13". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 8 February 2013. Retrieved 29 September 2012. Brown, Mark (12 December 2013). "Beatles for sale: copyright laws force Apple to release 59 tracks". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 15 December 2013. Retrieved 19 December 2013. Knopper, Steve (17 December 2013). "Beatles Surprise With 'Beatles Bootleg Recordings 1963 Release'". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on 19 December 2013. Retrieved 19 December 2013. "Paul McCartney and Ringo Starr Share Grammy Stage for Rare Performance". Rolling Stone. 26 January 2014. Archived from the original on 6 October 2017. Retrieved 15 September 2017. "GRAMMY Beatles Special To Air Feb. 9, 2014". Grammy Awards. Archived from the original on 16 November 2013. Retrieved 13 November 2013. Yarborough, Chuck (7 February 2014). "Paul McCartney, Ringo Starr to be interviewed by David Letterman for 'Grammy Salute to the Beatles'". The Plain Dealer. Archived from the original on 6 October 2017. Retrieved 6 October 2017. Dillet, Romain (23 December 2015). "The Beatles Come To Spotify, Apple Music And Other Streaming Services". TechCrunch. Archived from the original on 31 January 2016. Retrieved 31 January 2016. "Watch the Trailer for 'The Beatles: Eight Days a Week – The Touring Years'". thebeatles.com. 20 June 2016. Archived from the original on 15 October 2019. Retrieved 15 October 2019. Bonner, Michael (20 July 2016). "The Beatles to release remixed and remastered recordings from their Hollywood Bowl concerts". Uncut. Archived from the original on 21 July 2016. Retrieved 20 July 2016. Grow, Kory (20 July 2016). "Beatles Announce New 'Live at the Hollywood Bowl' Album". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on 30 August 2017. Retrieved 20 July 2016. Deriso, Nick (4 April 2017). "Release Date and Formats Revealed for Beatles Expanded 'Sgt. Pepper' Reissue". Ultimate Classic Rock. Archived from the original on 7 April 2017. Retrieved 9 April 2017. Enos, Morgan (1 October 2018). "The Beatles' White Album Remastered: Producer Giles Martin Talks Giving the Classic a Fresh Look at 50". Billboard. Archived from the original on 8 October 2018. Retrieved 7 October 2018. "The Beatles Revisit Abbey Road with Special Anniversary Releases". thebeatles.com. Apple Corps. 8 August 2019. Archived from the original on 8 August 2019. Retrieved 8 August 2019. "The Beatles' Abbey Road returns to number one 50 years on". The Telegraph. 4 October 2019. Archived from the original on 15 October 2019. Retrieved 15 October 2019. "'The Beatles: Get Back', a Disney+ Original Documentary Series Directed by Peter Jackson, to Debut Exclusively on Disney+". The Beatles. Archived from the original on 17 June 2021. Retrieved 7 July 2021. "The Beatles Expanded Let It Be/Get Back Release Is Due In October". noise11.com. 13 August 2021. Archived from the original on 15 October 2021. Retrieved 26 August 2021. Sheffield, Rob (26 August 2021). "The Unheard 'Let It Be': An Exclusive Guide to the Beatles' New Expanded Classic". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on 26 August 2021. Retrieved 26 August 2021. "'The Beatles: Get Back-the Rooftop Performance'". www.thebeatles.com. Archived from the original on 30 April 2022. Retrieved 25 March 2022. Aniftos, Rania (21 November 2023). "Dolly Parton Says She Sent 'Love Note' to Paul McCartney & Ringo Starr to Ask Them for 'Rockstar' Collaboration". Billboard. Archived from the original on 11 January 2024. Retrieved 11 January 2024. Nicholson, Jessica (9 May 2023). "Dolly Parton's Star-Studded Album 'Rockstar' Finally Has a Release Date". Billboard. Archived from the original on 13 December 2023. Retrieved 9 May 2023. Aswad, Jem (28 October 2022). "The Beatles' 'Revolver' Box Brings a 'Get Back' Treatment to the Group's Creative Breakthrough: Album Review". Variety. Archived from the original on 18 November 2022. Retrieved 18 November 2022. Ruggieri, Melissa (26 October 2023). "The last Beatles song, 'Now and Then,' finally arrives after more than 40 years". USA Today. Gannett. Archived from the original on 26 October 2023. McIntyre, Hugh. "The Beatles Dethrone Taylor Swift On Spotify". Forbes. Archived from the original on 6 November 2023. Retrieved 6 November 2023. Watercutter, Angela (3 November 2023). "'Now and Then,' the Beatles' Last Song, Is Here, Thanks to Peter Jackson's AI". Wired. Archived from the original on 4 November 2023. Retrieved 4 November 2023. White, Matthew (6 November 2023). "The Beatles' last single "Now and Then" breaks radio record as AI revives Lennon recording". Guinness world records. Archived from the original on 9 November 2023. Retrieved 9 November 2023. Beaumont-Thomas, Ben (10 November 2023). "The Beatles set record 54-year gap between No 1 singles as Now and Then tops UK chart". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 11 November 2023. Retrieved 28 November 2023. Willman, Chris (8 November 2024). "Grammy Nominations 2025: Beyonce Leads With 11 Nods as Taylor Swift, Chappell Roan, Sabrina Carpenter and Charli XCX Are Among Top Nominees". Variety. Archived from the original on 8 November 2024. Retrieved 8 November 2024. King, Ashley (9 November 2024). "Beatles 'Now & Then' Becomes First AI-Assisted Song Nominated for a Grammy". www.digitalmusicnews.com. Digital Music News. Retrieved 6 January 2025. Tingley, Anna (8 May 2024). "Beatles' 1970 'Let It Be' Documentary Is Now Streaming on Disney+". Variety. Archived from the original on 10 May 2024. Retrieved 10 May 2024. Schinder & Schwartz 2007, p. 160. Everett 1999, p. 9. MacDonald 2005, p. 12. MacDonald 2005, pp. 382–383. Harry 2000a, pp. 140, 660, 856–858, 881. "The Beatles – All These Years: Volume One: Tune in by Mark Lewisohn – review". The Guardian. 2013. Archived from the original on 4 May 2023. Retrieved 4 May 2023. Harry 2000a, p. 660. Harry 2000a, p. 881. "The Rolling Stone Interview, December 1970". Rolling Stone. 1970. Archived from the original on 8 April 2023. Retrieved 11 May 2023. Harry 2000a, pp. 289, 526, 830. Spitz 2005, pp. 111, 123, 131, 133. "John Lennon: The Last Interview". Rolling Stone. 2010. Archived from the original on 24 July 2021. Retrieved 4 May 2023. Harry 2000a, pp. 99, 217, 357, 1195. Gould 2007, pp. 333–335, 359. Lavezzoli 2006, pp. 147, 150, 162, 169. "Yeah! Yeah! Yeah!". The Guardian. 2004. Archived from the original on 1 May 2023. Retrieved 1 May 2023. Miles, Barry (November 1966). "A Conversation with Paul McCartney". International Times. London. Granata 2003, p. 17. Lavezzoli 2006, pp. 147, 165, 177. "Merseybeat – Significant Albums, Artists and Songs". AllMusic. Archived from the original on 16 October 2015. Retrieved 27 August 2015. Gould 2007, pp. 30–32, 100–107. Gould 2007, p. 255. Gould 2007, p. 296. Gould 2007, p. 278. Gould 2007, p. 402. Strong 2004, p. 108. Gould 2007, pp. 406, 462–463. Campbell 2008, p. 196. Benson 2003, p. 43. Pedler 2003, p. 256. Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. "The Beatles [White Album] – The Beatles". AllMusic. Archived from the original on 30 May 2012. Retrieved 21 December 2011. Harry 2000a, p. 721. Gould 2007, p. 121, 290. MacDonald 2005, p. 158. Gould 2007, p. 290. Gould 2007, pp. 382, 405, 409, 443, 584. MacDonald 2005, p. 238. Martin 1979, pp. 205–206. Harry 2003, p. 264. Hertsgaard 1995, p. 103. MacDonald 2005, p. 212. MacDonald 2005, p. 219. MacDonald 2005, p. 259. "Beatles' Abbey Road zebra crossing given listed status". BBC News. 22 December 2010. Archived from the original on 20 July 2011. Retrieved 27 June 2020. Drabble, Margaret (2000). The Oxford Companion to English Literature (6th ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 76–77. ISBN 978-0-19-866244-0. Archived from the original on 2 February 2016. Retrieved 6 October 2017. Powers, Ann (24 July 2017). "A New Canon: In Pop Music, Women Belong at the Center of the Story". NPR. Archived from the original on 22 January 2023. Retrieved 10 March 2020. Whitburn, Joel (2003). Joel Whitburn's Top Pop Singles 1955–2002. Record Research. p. xxiii. ISBN 978-0-89820-155-0. Everett 1999, p. 277. Gould 2007, p. 8. "Shakespeare 'a cultural icon' abroad". BBC. 9 April 2017. Archived from the original on 13 September 2014. Retrieved 6 October 2017. "Culture, attraction and soft power" (PDF). British Council. 9 April 2017. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 April 2017. Retrieved 9 April 2017. Vega, Luis Daniel. "Una idea descabellada: instantáneas del rock en Bogotá (1957–1975)". bibliotecadigitaldebogota.gov.co (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 27 March 2024. Retrieved 11 April 2024. "60s Season – Documentaries". BBC Radio 2. Archived from the original on 11 February 2009. Retrieved 25 July 2009. Fisher 2007, p. 198. Everett 1999, p. 91. Spitz 2005, pp. 609–610. Spitz 2005, pp. 576–578. Gould 2007, pp. 8–9. Leopold, Todd (31 January 2014). "Beatles + Sullivan = Revolution: Why Beatlemania Could Never Happen Today". CNN. Archived from the original on 23 February 2018. Retrieved 23 February 2018. Desk, Lifestyle (25 June 2018). "Global Beatles Day: What is it and why is it celebrated". The Indian Express. Archived from the original on 4 August 2020. Retrieved 26 July 2020. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help) Christensen, Doreen (25 June 2018). "World Beatles Day: Free streaming of all 12 Beatles albums for Prime members". Sun-Sentinel. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 26 July 2020. "Grammy Past Winners Search". National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences. Archived from the original on 10 May 2011. Retrieved 25 March 2011. Harry 2000a, pp. 559–560. Hotten, Russell (4 October 2012). "The Beatles at 50: From Fab Four to fabulously wealthy". BBC Business. Archived from the original on 23 September 2017. Retrieved 20 August 2020. "Best-selling group". Guinness World Records. 19 March 2001. Archived from the original on 22 November 2019. Retrieved 23 October 2019. Lewis, Randy (8 April 2009). "Delayed arrival". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 11 April 2009. Retrieved 14 October 2022. "Beatles". London: Official Charts Company. 2010. Archived from the original on 3 November 2013. "The Official Singles Charts' Biggest Selling Artists of All Time Revealed". Official Chart Company. 4 June 2012. Archived from the original on 3 July 2012. Retrieved 24 June 2012. Costello, Elvis (2004). "100 Greatest Artists: The Beatles". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on 21 June 2013. Retrieved 25 June 2013. "The Billboard Hot 100 All-Time Top Artists (20-01)". Billboard. 11 September 2008. Archived from the original on 13 September 2008. Retrieved 13 September 2008. Rutherford, Kevin (30 March 2017). "The Beatles, Aerosmith & Godsmack: A History of 'Come Together' on the Charts". Billboard. Archived from the original on 30 March 2017. Retrieved 31 March 2017. Clark, Travis (10 March 2020). "The 50 best-selling music artists of all time". Business Insider. Archived from the original on 30 August 2020. Retrieved 20 August 2020. Loder, Kurt (8 June 1998). "The Time 100". Time. Archived from the original on 22 August 2008. Retrieved 31 July 2009. "Paul McCartney and Ringo Starr Share Grammy Stage for Rare Performance". Rolling Stone. 26 January 2014. Archived from the original on 29 January 2014. Retrieved 30 January 2014. "Мир отмечает день The Beatles" [The world is celebrating the Beatles Day]. Rossiyskaya Gazeta (in Russian). 16 January 2013. Archived from the original on 3 December 2019. Retrieved 4 January 2020. Aghadadashov, Jafar (16 January 2018). "World marks January 16 The Beatles Day". report.az. Archived from the original on 3 December 2019. Retrieved 4 January 2020. "Queen – not that one – to appear on postage stamps". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 28 June 2020. Retrieved 28 June 2020. U.S. Postage and the Beatles: The 1999 Stamp, the 2003 Proofs and Future Expectations Archived 12 January 2023 at the Wayback Machine. Smithsonian's National Postal Museum. 27 March 2014 Costello, Elvis (15 April 2004). "The 100 Greatest Artists of All Time". Archived from the original on 31 January 2024. Retrieved 31 January 2024. Costello, Elvis (15 April 2004). "The 100 Greatest Artists of All Time". Archived from the original on 31 January 2024. Retrieved 31 January 2024. Lewisohn 1988, pp. 200–201. Southall & Perry 2006, pp. 15–17. Norman 1996, pp. 169–71, 368–369. Brown & Gaines 2002, p. 178. Southall & Perry 2006, pp. 37–38. Southall & Perry 2006, p. 42. Southall & Perry 2006, p. 45. Southall & Perry 2006, pp. 46–47. Southall & Perry 2006, pp. 60–61. MacDonald 2005, p. 351. Norman 1996, pp. 369–372. Norman 1996, p. 372. Miles 1998, p. 296. Everett 1999, p. 236. Southall & Perry 2006, p. 129. Southall & Perry 2006, p. 130. Southall & Perry 2006, pp. 130, 139. Southall & Perry 2006, pp. 140, 174, 176. Southall & Perry 2006, p. 198. Christman, Ed (30 September 2016). "Sony Finalizes Acquisition of Michael Jackson Estate's Stake in Sony/ATV Publishing". Billboard. Archived from the original on 12 November 2020. Retrieved 2 June 2020. Southall & Perry 2006, p. 195. Southall & Perry 2006, pp. 192–193. "Public Catalog". cocatalog.loc.gov. U.S. Copyright Office. 19 May 1978. Archived from the original on 13 June 2020. Retrieved 15 February 2019. Harry 2002, p. 536. "We can't work it out: Paul McCartney to sue Sony for rights to Beatles classics". The Guardian. 18 January 2017. Archived from the original on 19 January 2017. Retrieved 19 January 2017. "Sir Paul McCartney sues Sony over Beatles songs". BBC. 19 January 2017. Archived from the original on 19 January 2017. Retrieved 19 January 2017. "Beatles song rights dispute: Paul McCartney and Sony ATV work it out". The Guardian. Agence France-Presse. 4 July 2017. Archived from the original on 4 May 2018. Retrieved 13 May 2018. "Paul McCartney Settles with Sony/ATV to Reclaim Beatles' Song Copyright". Fortune. Reuters. 30 June 2017. Archived from the original on 16 June 2018. Retrieved 13 May 2018. Sources Austerlitz, Saul (2007). Money for Nothing: A History of the Music Video, from The Beatles to The White Stripes. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 978-0-7119-7520-0. Badman, Keith (1999). The Beatles After the Breakup 1970–2000: A Day-by-Day Diary (2001 ed.). London: Omnibus. ISBN 978-0-7119-8307-6. Archived from the original on 22 January 2023. Retrieved 31 March 2014. The Beatles (2000). The Beatles Anthology. San Francisco: Chronicle Books. ISBN 978-0-8118-2684-6. Archived from the original on 21 January 2023. Retrieved 31 March 2014. Benson, Bruce Ellis (2003). The Improvisation of Musical Dialogue: A Phenomenology of Music. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-00932-4. Archived from the original on 22 January 2023. Retrieved 31 March 2014. Boyd, Pattie (2008). Wonderful Tonight: George Harrison, Eric Clapton, and Me. Three Rivers Press. ISBN 978-0-307-40783-2. Brown, Peter; Gaines, Steven (2002). The Love You Make: An Insider's Story of The Beatles. New York: New American Library. ISBN 978-0-451-20735-7. Campbell, Michael (2008). Popular Music in America: The Beat Goes On. East Windsor, CT: Wadsworth. ISBN 978-0-495-50530-3. Retrieved 31 March 2014. Davies, Hunter (1968). The Beatles (Revised 2009 ed.). New York & London: W. W. Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-33874-4. Archived from the original on 22 January 2023. Retrieved 31 March 2014. Doggett, Peter (2009). You Never Give Me Your Money: The Beatles After the Breakup (1st US hardcover ed.). New York: Harper. ISBN 978-0-06-177446-1. Retrieved 31 March 2014. Doggett, Peter (2011). You Never Give Me Your Money: The Beatles After the Breakup. New York: It Books. ISBN 978-0-06-177418-8. Emerick, Geoff; Massey, Howard (2006). Here, There and Everywhere: My Life Recording the Music of The Beatles. New York: Gotham. ISBN 978-1-59240-179-6. Everett, Walter (1999). The Beatles as Musicians: Revolver through the Anthology. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-512941-0. Archived from the original on 21 January 2023. Retrieved 31 March 2014. Everett, Walter (2001). The Beatles As Musicians: The Quarry Men through Rubber Soul. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-514105-4. Retrieved 31 March 2014. Fisher, Marc (2007). Something in the Air. New York: Random House. ISBN 978-0-375-50907-0. Retrieved 31 March 2014. Frontani, Michael R. (2007). The Beatles: Image and the Media. University Press of Mississippi. ISBN 978-1-57806-965-1. Archived from the original on 22 January 2023. Retrieved 31 March 2014. Gilliland, John (1969). "The British Are Coming! The British Are Coming!: The U.S.A. is invaded by a wave of long-haired English rockers" (audio). Pop Chronicles. University of North Texas Libraries. Goodman, Fred (2015). Allen Klein: The Man Who Bailed Out the Beatles, Made the Stones, and Transformed Rock & Roll. Boston, New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. ISBN 978-0-547-89686-1. Gould, Jonathan (2007). Can't Buy Me Love: The Beatles, Britain and America. New York: Three Rivers Press. ISBN 978-0-307-35338-2. Granata, Charles L. (2003). I Just Wasn't Made for These Times: Brian Wilson and the Making of the Beach Boys' Pet Sounds. London: Unanimous. ISBN 978-1-55652-507-0. Harris, Jonathan (2005). "Introduction: Abstraction and Empathy – Psychedelic Distortion and the Meaning of the 1960s". In Grunenberg, Christoph; Jonathan Harris (eds.). Summer of Love: Psychedelic Art, Social Crisis and Counterculture in the 1960s. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press. ISBN 978-0-85323-919-2. Harry, Bill (2000a). The Beatles Encyclopedia: Revised and Updated. London: Virgin. ISBN 978-0-7535-0481-9. Harry, Bill (2003). The George Harrison Encyclopedia. London: Virgin. ISBN 978-0-7535-0822-0. Harry, Bill (2000b). The John Lennon Encyclopedia. London: Virgin. ISBN 978-0-7535-0404-8. Harry, Bill (2002). The Paul McCartney Encyclopedia. London: Virgin. ISBN 978-0-7535-0716-2. Hasted, Nick (2017). You Really Got Me: The Story of The Kinks. Omnibus Press. ISBN 978-1-78558-851-8. Hertsgaard, Mark (1995). "We All Want to Change the World: Drugs, Politics, and Spirituality". A Day in the Life: The Music and Artistry of the Beatles. New York: Delacorte Press. ISBN 978-0-385-31517-3. Archived from the original on 17 March 2014. Retrieved 31 March 2014. Ingham, Chris (2006). The Rough Guide to The Beatles. London: Rough Guides. ISBN 978-1-84353-720-5. Inglis, Ian (2008). "Cover Story: Magic, Myth and Music". In Julien, Olivier (ed.). Sgt. Pepper and the Beatles: It Was Forty Years Ago Today. Aldershot, UK, and Burlington, VT: Ashgate. ISBN 978-0-7546-6249-5. Larkin, Colin (2006). Encyclopedia of Popular Music. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-531373-4. Lavezzoli, Peter (2006). The Dawn of Indian Music in the West: Bhairavi. New York and London: Continuum. ISBN 978-0-8264-1815-9. Archived from the original on 22 January 2023. Retrieved 31 March 2014. Lewisohn, Mark (1988). The Complete Beatles Recording Sessions. New York: Harmony. ISBN 978-0-517-57066-1. Lewisohn, Mark (1992). The Complete Beatles Chronicle:The Definitive Day-By-Day Guide To the Beatles' Entire Career (2010 ed.). Chicago: Chicago Review Press. ISBN 978-1-56976-534-0. Lewisohn, Mark (2013). The Beatles – All These Years, Volume One: Tune In. Crown Archetype. ISBN 978-1-4000-8305-3. MacDonald, Ian (2005). Revolution in the Head: The Beatles' Records and the Sixties (2nd revised ed.). London: Pimlico. ISBN 978-1-84413-828-9. Martin, George (1979). All You Need Is Ears. New York: St. Marten's Press. ISBN 978-0-312-11482-4. Retrieved 31 March 2014. McNeil, Alex (1996). Total Television: The Comprehensive Guide to Programming From 1948 to the Present (4th ed.). New York City: Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-024916-3. Miles, Barry (1997). Paul McCartney: Many Years from Now. New York: Henry Holt and Company. ISBN 978-0-8050-5249-7. Miles, Barry (1998). The Beatles: A Diary – An Intimate Day by Day History. London: Omnibus. ISBN 978-0-7119-9196-5. Miles, Barry (2001). The Beatles Diary Volume 1: The Beatles Years. London: Omnibus Press. ISBN 978-0-7119-8308-3. Neaverson, Bob (1997). The Beatles Movies. London: Cassell. ISBN 978-0-304-33796-5. Archived from the original on 2 October 2009 – via beatlesmovies.co.uk (chapter: "Magical Mystery Tour Part 1 – Background and Production"). Norman, Philip (1996). Shout!: The Beatles in Their Generation. New York: Fireside. ISBN 978-0-684-43254-0. Norman, Philip (2008). John Lennon: The Life. New York: Ecco/HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-075401-3. Pang, May (2008). Instamatic Karma: Photographs of John Lennon. Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-4299-9397-5. Archived from the original on 11 January 2016. Retrieved 7 April 2015. Pawlowski, Gareth L. (1990). How They Became The Beatles. McDonald & Co (Publishers) Ltd. ISBN 978-0-356-19052-5. Pedler, Dominic (2003). The Songwriting Secrets of The Beatles. London: Omnibus. ISBN 978-0-7119-8167-6. Archived from the original on 22 January 2023. Retrieved 31 March 2014. Rodriguez, Robert (2010). Fab Four FAQ 2.0: The Beatles' Solo Years, 1970–1980. New York: Backbeat. ISBN 978-0-87930-968-8. Sandford, Christopher (2006). McCartney. New York: Carroll & Graf. ISBN 978-0-7867-1614-2. Schaffner, Nicholas (1978). The Beatles Forever. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-055087-2. Schinder, Scott; Schwartz, Andy (2007). Icons of Rock: An Encyclopedia of the Legends Who Changed Music Forever. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-33845-8. Southall, Brian; Perry, Rupert (2006). Northern Songs: The True Story of the Beatles Song Publishing Empire. London: Omnibus. ISBN 978-1-84609-237-4. Archived from the original on 21 January 2023. Retrieved 31 March 2014. Sheff, David (1981). Golson, G. Barry (ed.). The Playboy Interviews with John Lennon and Yoko Ono. Playboy. ISBN 978-0-87223-705-6. Spitz, Bob (2005). The Beatles: The Biography. New York: Little, Brown. ISBN 978-0-316-80352-6. Spizer, Bruce (2004). The Beatles Are Coming! The Birth of Beatlemania in America. New Orleans: 498 Productions. ISBN 978-0-9662649-9-9. Strong, Martin (2004). The Great Rock Discography. Edinburgh and New York: Canongate. ISBN 978-1-84195-615-2. Archived from the original on 22 January 2023. Retrieved 31 March 2014. Turner, Steve (2016). Beatles '66: The Revolutionary Year. New York, NY: Ecco. ISBN 978-0-06-247558-9. Winn, John C. (2008). Way Beyond Compare: The Beatles' Recorded Legacy, Volume One, 1957–1965. New York: Three Rivers Press. ISBN 978-0-307-45157-6. Archived from the original on 22 January 2023. Retrieved 31 March 2014. Winn, John C. (2009). That Magic Feeling: The Beatles' Recorded Legacy, Volume Two, 1966–1970. New York: Three Rivers Press. ISBN 978-0-307-45239-9. Retrieved 31 March 2014. Womack, Kenneth (2007). Long and Winding Roads: The Evolving Artistry of the Beatles. London & New York: Continuum. ISBN 978-0-8264-1746-6. Further reading Astley, John (2006). Why Don't We Do It In The Road? The Beatles Phenomenon. The Company of Writers. ISBN 978-0-9551834-7-8. Barrow, Tony (2005). John, Paul, George, Ringo & Me: The Real Beatles Story. New York: Thunder's Mouth. ISBN 978-1-56025-882-7. Bramwell, Tony; Kingsland, Rosemary (2006). Magical Mystery Tours: My Life with the Beatles. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-0-312-33044-6. Braun, Michael (1964). Love Me Do: The Beatles' Progress (1995 reprint ed.). London: Penguin. ISBN 978-0-14-002278-0. Carr, Roy; Tyler, Tony (1975). The Beatles: An Illustrated Record. New York: Harmony Books. ISBN 978-0-517-52045-1. Epstein, Brian (1964). A Cellarful of Noise. Byron Preiss. ISBN 978-0-671-01196-3. OCLC 39211052. Federal Bureau of Investigation (2007). The Beatles: The FBI Files. Filiquarian. ISBN 978-1-59986-256-9. Archived from the original on 5 November 2023. Retrieved 5 November 2023. Greene, Doyle (2016). Rock, Counterculture and the Avant-Garde, 1966–1970: How the Beatles, Frank Zappa and the Velvet Underground Defined an Era. Jefferson, NC: McFarland. ISBN 978-1-4766-6214-5. Harry, Bill (1985). The Book Of Beatle Lists. Poole, Dorset: Javelin. ISBN 978-0-7137-1521-7. Kirchherr, Astrid; Voormann, Klaus (1999). Hamburg Days. Guildford, Surrey: Genesis Publications. ISBN 978-0-904351-73-6. Lennon, Cynthia (2005). John. New York: Crown Publishers. ISBN 978-0-307-33855-6. Mansfield, Ken (2007). The White Book. Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson. ISBN 978-1-59555-101-6. Archived from the original on 22 January 2023. Retrieved 31 March 2014. Martin, George; Pearson, William (1994). Summer of Love: The Making of Sgt. Pepper. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-60398-7. Riley, Tim (2011). Lennon: The Man, the Myth, the Music – The Definitive Life. New York: Hyperion/HarperCollins. ISBN 978-1-4013-2452-0. Sheffield, Rob (2017). Dreaming the Beatles. New York: Harper Collins. ISBN 978-0-06-220765-4. Turner, Steve (2005). A Hard Day's Write: The Stories Behind Every Beatles Song (3rd ed.). New York: Harper Paperbacks. ISBN 978-0-06-084409-7. External links Listen to this article (3 parts, 1 hour and 59 minutes) Duration: 41 minutes and 6 seconds.41:06 Duration: 38 minutes and 12 seconds.38:12 Duration: 39 minutes and 52 seconds.39:52 Spoken Wikipedia icon These audio files were created from a revision of this article dated 3 July 2015, and do not reflect subsequent edits. (Audio help · More spoken articles) The Beatles at Wikipedia's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Data from Wikidata Official website Edit this at Wikidata The Beatles at Amazon Music The Beatles on the Internet Archive The Beatles on Twitter Edit this at Wikidata The Beatles – FBI file The Hugo Keesing Collection on the Beatles, University of Maryland, hdl:1903.1/4593 vte The Beatles John LennonPaul McCartneyGeorge HarrisonRingo Starr Stuart SutcliffePete BestChas NewbyNorman ChapmanTommy MooreJimmie Nicol OutlineTimeline History The QuarrymenIn HamburgAt the Cavern ClubDecca auditionNorth American releasesBeatlemania"More popular than Jesus"In BangorIn IndiaBreak-upMurder of John LennonAnthologyLine-upsReligious viewsTimeline Lists Awards and nominationsBootlegsAlbumsSinglesFilmsInstrumentsLive performancesPerformersPost-breakup collaborationsSongs Cover versions of Beatles songsSongs covered by the BeatlesRecording sessionsTributes Tours and performances 1960 Johnny Gentle TourWinter 1963 Helen Shapiro Tour1963 Roy Orbison TourThe Ed Sullivan Show appearances1964 world tourThe Beatles' 1964 tour of Australia1964 North American tour1965 European tour1965 US tour1965 UK tour1966 tour of Germany, Japan and the Philippines1966 US tourOur World performanceRooftop concert Personnel Management Neil AspinallTony BarrowPeter BrownBrian EpsteinMal EvansDick JamesFreda KellyAllen KleinJoseph LockwoodAlistair TaylorDerek TaylorAllan Williams Production Geoff EmerickRichard LushGeorge MartinPhil McDonaldBilly PrestonKen ScottTony SheridanPhil SpectorNorman Smith Associated companies Apple CorpsApple RecordsCapitol RecordsEMIHarrisongsNorthern SongsParlophoneSeltaebStartling MusicSwan RecordsTollie RecordsUnited ArtistsUnited Artists RecordsVee-Jay Records Associated places 10 Admiral Grove12 Arnold Grove20 Forthlin Road251 Menlove Avenue34 Montagu Square, MaryleboneAbbey Road, London Abbey Road StudiosAd Lib ClubThe Bag O'NailsBeatles AshramBeatles-PlatzBlue AngelCasbah Coffee ClubCandlestick ParkCarnegie HallThe Cavern ClubCavern MeccaComiskey ParkThe JacarandaKaiserkellerKinfaunsLondon PalladiumPenny Lane, Liverpool3 Savile RowThe Scotch of St. JamesShea StadiumSt Peter's ChurchStanley StreetStar-ClubStrawberry FieldTittenhurst ParkTop Ten ClubWigmore Street Selected books The Beatles AnthologyThe Beatles: The Authorised BiographyThe Beatles: All These YearsA Cellarful of NoiseI, Me, MineLennon RemembersPaul McCartney: Many Years from Now Other topics Apple Corps v Apple ComputerApple scruffsBeatle bootThe Beatles at Abbey RoadThe Beatles MonumentBeatlesqueBeat musicCultural impactFifth BeatleGlobal Beatles DayImages of a WomanLennon–McCartney"Paul is dead"Pop Go the BeatlesRecording practices automatic double trackingThe Beatles: Rock Band songsThe Rutles Category vte George Harrison Studio albums Wonderwall MusicElectronic SoundAll Things Must PassLiving in the Material WorldDark HorseExtra Texture (Read All About It)Thirty Three & ⅓George HarrisonSomewhere in EnglandGone TroppoCloud NineBrainwashed Live albums The Concert for BangladeshLive in Japan Compilations The Best of George HarrisonBest of Dark Horse 1976–1989Let It Roll: Songs by George HarrisonEarly Takes: Volume 1 Box sets The Dark Horse Years 1976–1992Collaborations (with Ravi Shankar)The Apple Years 1968–75George Harrison – The Vinyl Collection Books I, Me, MineSongs by George HarrisonSongs by George Harrison 2Raga Mala (as editor) Tours 1974 North American tour with Ravi Shankar1991 Japanese tour with Eric Clapton Related Articles DiscographySongsAwards and nominations12 Arnold GroveKinfaunsFriar ParkAsian Music CircleBeware of ABKCO! (bootleg)Bhaktivedanta ManorThe Concert for BangladeshConcert for GeorgeDark Horse RecordsHarrisongs"Horse to the Water"Material World Charitable FoundationStabbing of George HarrisonRavi Shankar's Music Festival from IndiaWonderful Today4149 Harrison People John BarhamThe BeatlesPattie Boyd (wife)Eric ClaptonDerek and the DominosOlivia Harrison (wife)Dhani Harrison (son)Jim KeltnerJeff LynneA.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami PrabhupadaBilly PrestonThe QuarrymenRadha Krishna TempleThe RutlesRavi ShankarDerek TaylorTraveling WilburysKlaus VoormannGary Wright Albums Is This What You Want?That's the Way God Planned ItDoris TroyEncouraging WordsThe Radha Krsna TempleJoi Bangla (EP)FootprintStraight UpRagaBrotherIn Concert 1972RingoShankar Family & FriendsThe Place I LoveRavi Shankar's Music Festival from IndiaTraveling Wilburys Vol. 1Nobody's Child: Romanian Angel AppealTraveling Wilburys Vol. 3Ravi Shankar: In CelebrationChants of India Films HandMade FilmsAll You Need Is CashBlue Suede Shoes: A Rockabilly SessionThe Concert for Bangladesh (film)Concert for George (film)George Harrison: Living in the Material WorldRaga Tributes Songs from the Material World: A Tribute to George Harrison"Never Without You"Concert for George (album)Harrison on Harrison: Jazz Explorations of George HarrisonTribute ToGeorge Fest Category vte John Lennon DiscographyInstrumentsJukeboxSong listDeath Studio albums John Lennon/Plastic Ono BandImagineMind GamesWalls and BridgesRock 'n' Roll with Yoko Ono Unfinished Music No. 1: Two VirginsUnfinished Music No. 2: Life with the LionsWedding AlbumSome Time in New York CityDouble FantasyMilk and Honey Live albums Live Peace in Toronto 1969Live JamLive in New York City Compilations Hits Shaved FishThe John Lennon CollectionLennon Legend: The Very Best of John LennonInstant Karma: All-Time Greatest HitsWorking Class Hero: The Definitive LennonPower to the People: The HitsIcon Themed Menlove Ave.WonsaponatimeAcousticPeace, Love & Truth Box sets LennonJohn Lennon AnthologyJohn Lennon Signature BoxGimme Some TruthGimme Some Truth. The Ultimate Mixes Video The John Lennon Video CollectionLennon Legend: The Very Best of John Lennon Books In His Own WriteA Spaniard in the WorksSkywriting by Word of Mouth Films Self-Portrait (1969)Apotheosis (1970)Fly (1970)Erection (1971)Up Your Legs Forever (1971)Live in New York City (1972)Imagine (1972) Bootlegs A Toot and a Snore in '74S.I.R. John Winston Ono Lennon Associates The QuarrymenThe BeatlesPlastic Ono BandDavid PeelThe Lower East Side BandThe Dirty MacMay PangHarry NilssonJohn SinclairRosaura Lopez Fictionalised Chapter 27In His Life: The John Lennon StoryJohn and Yoko: A Love StoryThe Killing of John LennonLennon NakedBirth of the BeatlesNowhere BoyBackbeatTwo of UsThe Lennon ReportLiving Is Easy with Eyes ClosedYesterday Tributes and memorials The 30th Annual John Lennon Tribute: Live from the Beacon Theatre, NYC"All Those Years Ago"Come Together: A Night for John Lennon's Words and Music"Empty Garden (Hey Hey Johnny)""Here Today"Imagine Peace Tower"The Immigrant"Instant Karma: The Amnesty International Campaign to Save DarfurJohn Lennon Art and Design BuildingJohn Lennon MuseumJohn Lennon ParkJohn Lennon Peace MonumentJohn Lennon Educational Tour Bus"The Late Great Johnny Ace"Lennon (musical)Lennon BermudaLennon Wall"Life Is Real (Song for Lennon)"Liverpool John Lennon AirportNon-ViolenceStrawberry Fields"Roll On John"Working Class Hero: A Tribute to John Lennon Related media Imagine: John Lennon soundtrackI Met the WalrusJohn (book)John & Yoko: Above Us Only SkyLennon RemembersLennoNYCThe Lives of John LennonThe Lost Lennon TapesMarx & Lennon: The Parallel SayingsNowhere Man: The Final Days of John LennonThe Pope Smokes DopePussy CatsThe Rolling Stones Rock and Roll CircusRoots: John Lennon Sings the Great Rock & Roll Hits"That's My Life (My Love and My Home)"The U.S. vs. John Lennon soundtrack Other topics 251 Menlove AvenueKenwoodTittenhurst ParkThe DakotaBagismBed-inImagine Piano Peace ProjectJohn Lennon Artificial Intelligence ProjectJohn Lennon UFO incidentLennon–McCartneyLennonOno Grant for PeaceMark David Chapman"More popular than Jesus"NutopiaToronto Rock and Roll Revival Sweet TorontoPsychedelic Rolls-Royce4147 Lennon Category vte Paul McCartney Paul "Wix" WickensRusty AndersonBrian RayAbe Laboriel Jr. Linda McCartneyHamish StuartRobbie McIntoshChris WhittenBlair Cunningham Studio albums McCartneyRamThrillingtonMcCartney IITug of WarPipes of PeaceGive My Regards to Broad StreetPress to PlayСнова в СССРFlowers in the DirtOff the GroundFlaming PieRun Devil RunDriving RainChaos and Creation in the BackyardMemory Almost FullKisses on the BottomNewEgypt StationMcCartney III with Wings Wild LifeRed Rose SpeedwayBand on the RunVenus and MarsWings at the Speed of SoundLondon TownBack to the Egg The Fireman Strawberries Oceans Ships ForestRushesElectric Arguments Classical Paul McCartney's Liverpool OratorioStanding StoneWorking ClassicalEcce Cor MeumOcean's Kingdom Live albums Wings over America (with Wings)Tripping the Live FantasticUnplugged (The Official Bootleg)Paul Is LiveBack in the U.S.Back in the World LiveAmoeba's SecretGood Evening New York CityLive in Los AngelesAmoeba GigOne Hand Clapping Remix albums Liverpool Sound CollageTwin FreaksMcCartney III Imagined Compilations Wings GreatestAll the Best!The Paul McCartney CollectionWingspan: Hits and HistoryNever Stop Doing What You LovePure McCartneyMcCartney I II IIIThe 7″ Singles Box Books High in the CloudsHey Grandude!The Lyrics: 1956 to the Present1964: Eyes of the Storm Filmography A Hard Day's Night (1964)Help! (1965)Magical Mystery Tour (1967)Yellow Submarine (1968)Let It Be (1970)James Paul McCartney (1973)Wings Over the World (1979)Back to the Egg (1979)Concert for Kampuchea (1980)Rockshow (1980)Rupert and the Frog Song (1984)Give My Regards to Broad Street (1984)Put It There (1989)MTV Unplugged (1991)Get Back (1991)Liverpool Oratorio (1991)Paul Is Live (1993)In the World Tonight (1997)Standing Stone (1997)Tropic Island Hum (1997)Live at the Cavern Club (1999)Working Classical (2000)Wingspan (2001)The Concert for New York City (2001)Back in the U.S. (2002)Paul McCartney in Red Square (2003)The Music and Animation Collection (2004)Between Chaos and Creation (2005)The Space Within US (2006)Memory Almost Full – Deluxe Edition (2007)The McCartney Years (2007)Ecce Cor Meum (2008)Good Evening New York City (2009)The Love We Make (2011)A Rendez-Vous with Paul McCartney (2013)New – Collector's Edition (2014)A MusiCares Tribute to Paul McCartney (2015)Pure McCartney (2016)Carpool Karaoke: When Corden Met McCartney Live from Liverpool (2018) Bootlegs Cold CutsCostello AlbumA Toot and a Snore in '74Return to Pepperland Tours The Paul McCartney World TourThe New World TourDriving World TourThe 'US' TourSummer Live '09Good Evening Europe TourUp and Coming TourOn the RunOut ThereOne on One2018 Secret GigsFreshen UpGot Back Tributes The Art of McCartneyLet Us in Americana: The Music of Paul McCartneyPure McCartney (2013 album) Lists AwardsDiscographyMusic contributions and appearancesSong recordings Related media "Cut Me Some Slack"The Family WayA Garland for Linda"Lisa the Vegetarian"The McCartney InterviewMany Years from NowOobu JoobuPaul McCartney Archive CollectionPaul McCartney's Glastonbury GrooveTwo of Us (film)Wide Prairie Other topics 20 Forthlin RoadThe BeatlesBrian ClarkeThe FiremanLennon–McCartneyHeather MillsMPL Communications"Paul is dead"Paul McCartney's bandPersonal relationshipsThe QuarrymenWings Category vte Ringo Starr Studio albums Sentimental JourneyBeaucoups of BluesRingoGoodnight ViennaRingo's RotogravureRingo the 4thBad BoyStop and Smell the RosesOld WaveTime Takes TimeVertical ManI Wanna Be Santa ClausRingo RamaChoose LoveLiverpool 8Y NotRingo 2012Postcards from ParadiseGive More LoveWhat's My NameLook Up Live albums Ringo Starr and His All-Starr BandRingo Starr and His All Starr Band Volume 2: Live from MontreuxRingo Starr and His Third All-Starr Band Volume 1VH1 StorytellersKing Biscuit Flower Hour Presents Ringo & His New All-Starr BandExtended VersionsTour 2003Ringo Starr and FriendsRingo Starr: Live at SoundstageRingo Starr & His All Starr Band Live 2006Live at the Greek Theatre 2008 Compilations Blast from Your PastStarr Struck: Best of Ringo Starr, Vol. 2The Anthology... So FarPhotograph: The Very Best of Ringo StarrRingo 5.1: The Surround Sound CollectionIcon Singles "Beaucoups of Blues""It Don't Come Easy" / "Early 1970""Back Off Boogaloo""Photograph""You're Sixteen""Oh My My""Only You (And You Alone)""No No Song" / "Snookeroo""(It's All Down to) Goodnight Vienna""Oh My My" / "No No Song""A Dose of Rock 'n' Roll""Hey! Baby""Wings""Lipstick Traces (on a Cigarette)""Wrack My Brain""In My Car""I Keep Forgettin'""Act Naturally""Weight of the World""Never Without You""Liverpool 8""Walk with You""Wings""Postcards from Paradise""Give More Love""What's My Name""Grow Old with Me""Here's to the Nights""Zoom In Zoom Out""Let's Change the World""Rock Around the Clock""World Go Round""Time On My Hands" EPs 4-Starr CollectionZoom InChange the WorldEP3Rewind ForwardCrooked Boy Books Postcards from the BoysOctopus's GardenPhotograph Related DiscographySong listFilmographyRingo Starr & His All-Starr BandThe Beatles10 Admiral GroveBarbara Bach"Brush with Greatness"The Concert for BangladeshVini PonciaRing O' RecordsRingo (1978 film)Ringo's Yellow SubmarineScouse the Mouse"Ringo for President"Zak StarkeyMaureen Starkey TigrettStartling MusicRory StormTittenhurst Park4150 Starr Category Articles related to the Beatles vte The Beatles albums Albums in the core catalogue are marked in bold. Studio albums UK Please Please MeWith the BeatlesA Hard Day's NightBeatles for SaleHelp!Rubber SoulRevolverSgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club BandThe Beatles ("White Album")Yellow SubmarineAbbey RoadLet It Be US Vee-Jay Introducing... The BeatlesHear the Beatles Tell All Capitol Meet the Beatles!The Beatles' Second AlbumA Hard Day's NightSomething NewThe Beatles' StoryBeatles '65The Early BeatlesBeatles VIHelp!Rubber SoulYesterday and TodayRevolverMagical Mystery TourHey Jude Canada Twist and ShoutThe Beatles' Long Tall Sally Extended plays UK Twist and ShoutThe Beatles' HitsThe Beatles (No. 1)All My LovingLong Tall SallyExtracts from the Film A Hard Day's NightExtracts from the Album A Hard Day's NightBeatles for SaleBeatles for Sale No. 2The Beatles' Million SellersYesterdayNowhere ManMagical Mystery Tour US Souvenir of Their Visit to AmericaFour by the Beatles4 by the Beatles Live albums Live! at the Star-Club in Hamburg, Germany; 1962The Beatles at the Hollywood Bowl / Live at the Hollywood BowlFirst Live RecordingsLive at the BBCOn Air – Live at the BBC Volume 2The Beatles Bootleg Recordings 1963Get Back – The Rooftop Performance Selected compilations Hits The Beatles in ItalyLos BeatlesGreatest Hits Volume 1A Collection of Beatles OldiesGreatest Hits Volume 21962–1966 ("Red Album")1967–1970 ("Blue Album")1 Non-album tracks Por Siempre BeatlesPast MastersMono Masters Themed From Then to You / The Beatles' Christmas AlbumTomorrow Never Knows Archival Anthology 123The Beatles Bootleg Recordings 1963 Remixes Yellow Submarine SongtrackLet It Be... NakedLove Box sets The Beatles CollectionThe Beatles BoxThe Beatles: The CollectionThe Beatles Box SetThe Capitol Albums vol. 12The Beatles (The Original Studio Recordings)The Beatles in MonoThe U.S. AlbumsThe Japan BoxThe Christmas Records vte The Beatles compilations Discography Bert Kaempfert recordings with Tony Sheridan My Bonnie (GER, 1962)The Beatles with Tony Sheridan and Their Guests (1964)Ain't She Sweet (1964)The Beatles' First (GER, 1964 / UK, 1967)Very Together (1969)In the Beginning (Circa 1960) (1970)The Early Tapes of the Beatles (1984) Hits Greatest Hits Volume 1 (AUS, 1966)A Collection of Beatles Oldies (1966)Greatest Hits Volume 2 (AUS, 1967)The Essential Beatles (AUS, 1972)1962–1966 (Red Album) (1973)1967–1970 (Blue Album) (1973)20 Greatest Hits (1982)The Number Ones (AUS, 1983)1 (2000) Themes Rock 'n' Roll Music (1976)Love Songs (1977)The Beatles Ballads (1980)Reel Music (1982)Tomorrow Never Knows (2012) Non-album tracks Hey Jude (US, 1970 / UK, 1979)Por Siempre Beatles (ARG, 1971)Rarities (UK, 1978)Rarities (US, 1980)Past Masters (1988)Mono Masters (2009) Alternative versions Yellow Submarine Songtrack (1999)Let It Be... Naked (2003) Archival Sessions (unreleased)Anthology 1 (1995)Anthology 2 (1996)Anthology 3 (1996)The Beatles Bootleg Recordings 1963 (2013) Other Jolly What! / The Beatles & Frank Ifield on Stage (US, 1964)The Beatles in Italy (ITA, 1965)The Beatles' Christmas Album (US) / From Then to You (UK) (1970)The Beatles Tapes from the David Wigg Interviews (1976)Only The Beatles... (UK, 1986, withdrawn)Love (2006)4: John Paul George Ringo (2014 EP) Unofficial God (1998)Everyday Chemistry (2009)The Black Album (2014) Box sets The Singles Collection 1962–1970 (UK, 1976)The Beatles Collection (UK, 1978 / US, 1979)The Beatles Box (1980)The Beatles EP Collection (1981)The Beatles: The Collection (1982)The Beatles Mono Collection (1982)The Beatles Box Set (1988)The Capitol Albums, Volume 1 (2004)The Capitol Albums, Volume 2 (2006)The Beatles (The Original Studio Recordings) (2009)The Beatles in Mono (2009)The U.S. Albums (2014)The Japan Box (2014)The Christmas Records (2017)The Singles Collection (2019) Reissues Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band (2017)The Beatles (White Album) (2018)Abbey Road (2019)Let It Be (2021)Revolver (2022)1962–1966 (2023)1967–1970 (2023) vte The Beatles singles UK and US 1963 "Please Please Me" / "Ask Me Why""From Me to You" / "Thank You Girl""She Loves You" / "I'll Get You" 1964 "Can't Buy Me Love" / "You Can't Do That""I Feel Fine" / "She's a Woman" 1965 "Ticket to Ride" / "Yes It Is""Help!" / "I'm Down""We Can Work It Out" / "Day Tripper" 1966 "Paperback Writer" / "Rain""Yellow Submarine" / "Eleanor Rigby" 1967 "Penny Lane" / "Strawberry Fields Forever""All You Need Is Love" / "Baby, You're a Rich Man""Hello, Goodbye" / "I Am the Walrus" 1968 "Lady Madonna" / "The Inner Light""Hey Jude" / "Revolution" 1969 "Get Back" / "Don't Let Me Down""The Ballad of John and Yoko" / "Old Brown Shoe""Something" / "Come Together" 1970 "Let It Be" / "You Know My Name (Look Up the Number)" 1978 "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band/With a Little Help from My Friends" / "A Day in the Life" 1982 "The Beatles' Movie Medley" / "I'm Happy Just to Dance with You" 1995 "Baby It's You""Free as a Bird" / "Christmas Time (Is Here Again)" 1996 "Real Love" / "Baby's in Black" 2023 "Now and Then" / "Love Me Do" UK only 1962 "My Bonnie" / "The Saints""Love Me Do" / "P.S. I Love You" 1963 "I Want to Hold Your Hand" / "This Boy" 1964 "Ain't She Sweet" / "If You Love Me, Baby""A Hard Day's Night" / "Things We Said Today" 1976 "Yesterday" / "I Should Have Known Better""Back in the U.S.S.R." / "Twist and Shout" US only 1963 "I Want to Hold Your Hand" / "I Saw Her Standing There" 1964 "Please Please Me" / "From Me to You""My Bonnie" / "The Saints""Twist and Shout" / "There's a Place""Do You Want to Know a Secret" / "Thank You Girl""Love Me Do" / "P.S. I Love You""Sie liebt dich" / "I'll Get You""I'll Cry Instead" / "I'm Happy Just to Dance with You""And I Love Her" / "If I Fell""Ain't She Sweet" / "Nobody's Child""A Hard Day's Night" / "I Should Have Known Better""Matchbox" / "Slow Down" 1965 "Eight Days a Week" / "I Don't Want to Spoil the Party""Yesterday" / "Act Naturally" 1966 "Nowhere Man" / "What Goes On" 1970 "The Long and Winding Road" / "For You Blue" 1976 "Got to Get You into My Life" / "Helter Skelter""Ob-La-Di, Ob-La-Da" / "Julia" Other countries 1963 "All My Loving" / "This Boy" (Canada) 1964 "Komm, gib mir deine Hand / Sie liebt dich" (Germany, Australia)"Roll Over Beethoven" / "Devil in Her Heart" (Philippines) 1965 "Rock and Roll Music" / "I'm a Loser" (Europe, Australia) 1966 "Norwegian Wood (This Bird Has Flown)" / "Nowhere Man" (Australia)"Michelle" / "Girl" (Europe) 1968 "Ob-La-Di, Ob-La-Da" / "While My Guitar Gently Weeps" (Europe, Japan, Australia)"Ob-La-Di, Ob-La-Da" / "I Will" (Philippines)"Back in the U.S.S.R." / "Don't Pass Me By" (Sweden) 1969 "You're Going to Lose That Girl" / "Tell Me What You See" (Japan) 1970 "Oh! Darling" / "Here Comes the Sun" (Japan) 1972 "All Together Now" / "Hey Bulldog" (Europe) 1978 "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band/With a Little Help from My Friends" / "Within You Without You" (Germany) vte The Beatles films and videos Filmography and videography A Hard Day's NightHelp!Magical Mystery TourYellow SubmarineLet It BeThe Beatles: 1+ Documentaries Around the BeatlesThe First U.S. VisitAt Shea StadiumA Salute to the BeatlesThe Compleat BeatlesIt Was Twenty Years Ago TodayAnthologyAll Together NowEight Days a Week – The Touring YearsThe Beatles and IndiaGet BackBeatles '64 Promotional films (music videos) "Day Tripper""We Can Work It Out""I Feel Fine""Ticket to Ride""Help!""Rain""Paperback Writer""Strawberry Fields Forever""Penny Lane""A Day in the Life""Hello, Goodbye""Lady Madonna""Hey Jude""Revolution""The Ballad of John and Yoko""Something""Get Back""Free as a Bird""Real Love""Hey Bulldog""Come Together""While My Guitar Gently Weeps""Glass Onion""Back in the U.S.S.R.""Taxman""Here Comes the Sun""Here, There and Everywhere""I'm Only Sleeping""Now and Then" Fictionalised Beatles The Beatles (TV series)RingoBirth of the BeatlesBeatlemaniaGive My Regards to Broad StreetJohn and Yoko: A Love StoryBackbeatThe Hours and TimesThe Linda McCartney StoryTwo of UsIn His Life: The John Lennon StoryThe Killing of John LennonChapter 27Nowhere BoyLennon NakedSnodgrassMidas Man"The Devil's Chord" Inspired by Beatles The Girls on the BeachAll This and World War IISgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club BandI Wanna Hold Your HandAll You Need Is CashSecretsI Am SamThe Rutles 2: Can't Buy Me LunchAcross the UniverseLiving Is Easy with Eyes ClosedYesterday Related articles The Music of Lennon & McCartneyOur WorldUp Against ItBeatles StoriesGeorge Harrison: Living in the Material WorldI Met the WalrusWar Is Over! vte The Beatles literature Reference works The Beatles Illustrated Lyrics (1969)The Complete Beatles Recording Sessions (1988)Recording the Beatles (2006) Primary sources Beatles Lennon Remembers (1970)I, Me, Mine (1980)Songs by George Harrison (1988)Songs by George Harrison 2 (1992)Paul McCartney: Many Years from Now (1997)Anthology (2000)Postcards from the Boys (2004)Photograph (2013)The Lyrics: 1956 to the Present (2021)1964: Eyes of the Storm (2023) Associates A Cellarful of Noise (1964)The Longest Cocktail Party (1973)All You Need Is Ears (1979)The Love You Make (1983)Ticket to Ride (2003)John (2005)Magical Mystery Tours (2006)Wonderful Today (2007) Biographies The Authorised Biography (1968)Apple to the Core (1972)Shout!: The Beatles in Their Generation (1981)The Lives of John Lennon (1988)Nowhere Man: The Final Days of John Lennon (2000)The Biography (2004)Can't Buy Me Love (2007)You Never Give Me Your Money (2009)All These Years (2013–present)One Two Three Four: The Beatles in Time (2020)Living the Beatles Legend (2023)Dark Horse Records: The Story of George Harrison's Post-Beatles Record Label (2023) Critique An Illustrated Record (1975)Revolution in the Head: The Beatles' Records and the Sixties (1994)In Their Lives: Great Writers on Great Beatles Songs (2017) Fiction Beatles (1984)The Beatles Experience (1991–1992)"The Twelfth Album" (1998)Octopus's Garden (2013)The Fifth Beatle (2013) Writers Aaron BadgleyHunter DaviesPeter DoggettWalter EverettBill HarryMark HertsgaardMark LewisohnIan MacDonaldBarry MilesPhilip NormanTim RileyNicholas SchaffnerBob SpitzBruce SpizerSteve TurnerKenneth Womack Category vte Please Please Me Songs Side one "I Saw Her Standing There""Misery""Anna (Go to Him)""Chains""Boys""Ask Me Why""Please Please Me" Side two "Love Me Do""P.S. I Love You""Baby It's You""Do You Want to Know a Secret""A Taste of Honey""There's a Place""Twist and Shout" Non-album single "From Me to You""Thank You Girl" Outtakes "How Do You Do It?""Tip of My Tongue""Hold Me Tight""Bésame Mucho""One After 909""What Goes On" Extended plays Twist and ShoutThe Beatles (No. 1)Souvenir of Their Visit to America Corresponding North American albums Introducing... The BeatlesTwist and ShoutThe Early Beatles Tours Winter 1963 Helen Shapiro Tour1963 Tour with Roy Orbison Related articles The Beatles albums discography The Beatles albums:Please Please MeWith the BeatlesA Hard Day's NightBeatles for SaleHelp!Rubber SoulRevolverSgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club BandMagical Mystery TourThe BeatlesYellow SubmarineAbbey RoadLet It Be vte With the Beatles Songs Side one "It Won't Be Long""All I've Got to Do""All My Loving""Don't Bother Me""Little Child""Till There Was You""Please Mr. Postman" Side two "Roll Over Beethoven""Hold Me Tight""You Really Got a Hold on Me""I Wanna Be Your Man""Devil in Her Heart""Not a Second Time""Money (That's What I Want)" Non-album singles "She Loves You""I'll Get You""I Want to Hold Your Hand""This Boy" Extended plays All My LovingFour by the Beatles Corresponding North American albums Meet the Beatles!The Beatles' Second Album Related articles The Beatles albums discography The Beatles albums:Please Please MeWith the BeatlesA Hard Day's NightBeatles for SaleHelp!Rubber SoulRevolverSgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club BandMagical Mystery TourThe BeatlesYellow SubmarineAbbey RoadLet It Be vte A Hard Day's Night 1964 film Songs Side one "A Hard Day's Night""I Should Have Known Better""If I Fell""I'm Happy Just to Dance with You""And I Love Her""Tell Me Why""Can't Buy Me Love" Side two "Any Time at All""I'll Cry Instead""Things We Said Today""When I Get Home""You Can't Do That""I'll Be Back" Long Tall Sally (EP) "Long Tall Sally""I Call Your Name""Slow Down""Matchbox" German single "Komm, Gib Mir Deine Hand" / "Sie Liebt Dich" Outtakes "No Reply""You Know What to Do" Extended plays Extracts from the Album A Hard Day's NightExtracts from the Film A Hard Day's Night Related North American album Something New Tours 1964 world tour1964 North American tour Related articles The Beatles albums discography The Beatles albums:Please Please MeWith the BeatlesA Hard Day's NightBeatles for SaleHelp!Rubber SoulRevolverSgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club BandMagical Mystery TourThe BeatlesYellow SubmarineAbbey RoadLet It Be vte Beatles for Sale Songs Side one "No Reply""I'm a Loser""Baby's in Black""Rock and Roll Music""I'll Follow the Sun""Mr. Moonlight""Kansas City / Hey, Hey, Hey, Hey" Side two "Eight Days a Week""Words of Love""Honey Don't""Every Little Thing""I Don't Want to Spoil the Party""What You're Doing""Everybody's Trying to Be My Baby" Non-album single "I Feel Fine""She's a Woman" Outtakes "Leave My Kitten Alone" Extended plays Beatles for SaleBeatles for Sale No. 24 by the Beatles Corresponding North American albums Beatles '65Beatles VI Related articles The Beatles albums discography The Beatles albums:Please Please MeWith the BeatlesA Hard Day's NightBeatles for SaleHelp!Rubber SoulRevolverSgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club BandMagical Mystery TourThe BeatlesYellow SubmarineAbbey RoadLet It Be vte Help! 1965 film Songs Side one "Help!""The Night Before""You've Got to Hide Your Love Away""I Need You""Another Girl""You're Going to Lose That Girl""Ticket to Ride" Side two "Act Naturally""It's Only Love""You Like Me Too Much""Tell Me What You See""I've Just Seen a Face""Yesterday""Dizzy Miss Lizzy" Non-album tracks "I'm Down""Yes It Is""Bad Boy" Outtakes "If You've Got Trouble""That Means a Lot""Wait" Extended play Yesterday Tours 1965 European tour1965 US tour Related articles The Beatles albums discographyHelp! (George Martin album) The Beatles albums:Please Please MeWith the BeatlesA Hard Day's NightBeatles for SaleHelp!Rubber SoulRevolverSgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club BandMagical Mystery TourThe BeatlesYellow SubmarineAbbey RoadLet It Be vte Rubber Soul Songs Side one "Drive My Car""Norwegian Wood (This Bird Has Flown)""You Won't See Me""Nowhere Man""Think for Yourself""The Word""Michelle" Side two "What Goes On""Girl""I'm Looking Through You""In My Life""Wait""If I Needed Someone""Run for Your Life" Non-album single "Day Tripper""We Can Work It Out" Outtake "12-Bar Original" Related articles The Beatles albums discographyThe Beatles' 1965 UK tourYesterday and TodayNowhere Man (EP)This Bird Has Flown – A 40th Anniversary Tribute to the Beatles' Rubber Soul The Beatles albums:Please Please MeWith the BeatlesA Hard Day's NightBeatles for SaleHelp!Rubber SoulRevolverSgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club BandMagical Mystery TourThe BeatlesYellow SubmarineAbbey RoadLet It Be vte Revolver Special Edition Songs Side one "Taxman""Eleanor Rigby""I'm Only Sleeping""Love You To""Here, There and Everywhere""Yellow Submarine""She Said She Said" Side two "Good Day Sunshine""And Your Bird Can Sing""For No One""Doctor Robert""I Want to Tell You""Got to Get You into My Life""Tomorrow Never Knows" Non-album single "Paperback Writer""Rain" Related articles The Beatles albums discographyRecording practices of the BeatlesYesterday and Today1966 tour of Germany, Japan and the Philippines1966 US tour"More popular than Jesus" The Beatles albums:Please Please MeWith the BeatlesA Hard Day's NightBeatles for SaleHelp!Rubber SoulRevolverSgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club BandMagical Mystery TourThe BeatlesYellow SubmarineAbbey RoadLet It Be vte Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band 50th Anniversary EditionCover photo Songs Side one "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band""With a Little Help from My Friends""Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds""Getting Better""Fixing a Hole""She's Leaving Home""Being for the Benefit of Mr. Kite!" Side two "Within You Without You""When I'm Sixty-Four""Lovely Rita""Good Morning Good Morning""Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band (Reprise)""A Day in the Life" Non-album single "Strawberry Fields Forever""Penny Lane" Outtakes "Only a Northern Song""Carnival of Light" Tribute albums Easy Star's Lonely Hearts Dub BandSaluting Sgt. PepperSgt. Pepper Knew My FatherSgt. Pepper LiveSgt. Pepper'sSgt. Petsound's Lonely Hearts Club BandWith a Little Help from My Fwends Related articles Peter BlakePablo FanqueJann HaworthWilliam KiteThe Beatles albums discographyReturn to PepperlandSgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band (film)Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band (soundtrack)It Was Twenty Years Ago TodaySgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band on the RoadYellow Submarine (film)"Tina in the Sky with Diamonds" The Beatles albums:Please Please MeWith the BeatlesA Hard Day's NightBeatles for SaleHelp!Rubber SoulRevolverSgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club BandMagical Mystery TourThe BeatlesYellow SubmarineAbbey RoadLet It Be vte Magical Mystery Tour 1967 film Songs Side one "Magical Mystery Tour""The Fool on the Hill""Flying""Blue Jay Way""Your Mother Should Know""I Am the Walrus" Side two "Hello, Goodbye""Strawberry Fields Forever""Penny Lane""Baby, You're a Rich Man""All You Need Is Love" Outtakes "You Know My Name (Look Up the Number)""All Together Now""It's All Too Much" Related The Beatles albums discographyOur WorldThe Beatles in BangorFurthur (bus) The Beatles albums:Please Please MeWith the BeatlesA Hard Day's NightBeatles for SaleHelp!Rubber SoulRevolverSgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club BandMagical Mystery TourThe BeatlesYellow SubmarineAbbey RoadLet It Be vte The Beatles (White Album) 50th Anniversary Edition Songs Side one "Back in the U.S.S.R.""Dear Prudence""Glass Onion""Ob-La-Di, Ob-La-Da""Wild Honey Pie""The Continuing Story of Bungalow Bill""While My Guitar Gently Weeps""Happiness Is a Warm Gun" Side two "Martha My Dear""I'm So Tired""Blackbird""Piggies""Rocky Raccoon""Don't Pass Me By""Why Don't We Do It in the Road?""I Will""Julia" Side three "Birthday""Yer Blues""Mother Nature's Son""Everybody's Got Something to Hide Except Me and My Monkey""Sexy Sadie""Helter Skelter""Long, Long, Long" Side four "Revolution 1""Honey Pie""Savoy Truffle""Cry Baby Cry""Revolution 9""Good Night" Non-album single "Hey Jude""Revolution" Outtakes "A Beginning""Child of Nature""Circles""Etcetera""Junk""Not Guilty""Sour Milk Sea""What's the New Mary Jane" Related articles The Beatles albums discographyThe Beatles in IndiaBreak-up of the BeatlesMother Nature's SonThe Grey AlbumLive Phish Volume 13 The Beatles albums:Please Please MeWith the BeatlesA Hard Day's NightBeatles for SaleHelp!Rubber SoulRevolverSgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club BandMagical Mystery TourThe BeatlesYellow SubmarineAbbey RoadLet It Be vte Yellow Submarine 1968 filmYellow Submarine Songtrack Songs Side one "Yellow Submarine""Only a Northern Song""All Together Now""Hey Bulldog""It's All Too Much""All You Need Is Love" Side two "Pepperland""Sea of Time""Sea of Holes""Sea of Monsters""March of the Meanies""Pepperland Laid Waste""Yellow Submarine in Pepperland" Film characters Blue MeaniesChief Blue MeanieJeremy Hillary Boob Related articles The Beatles albums discographyYellow Submarine (sculpture)George MartinRingo's Yellow Submarine The Beatles albums:Please Please MeWith the BeatlesA Hard Day's NightBeatles for SaleHelp!Rubber SoulRevolverSgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club BandMagical Mystery TourThe BeatlesYellow SubmarineAbbey RoadLet It Be vte Abbey Road 50th Anniversary Edition Songs Side one "Come Together""Something""Maxwell's Silver Hammer""Oh! Darling""Octopus's Garden""I Want You (She's So Heavy)" Side two "Here Comes the Sun""Because""You Never Give Me Your Money""Sun King""Mean Mr. Mustard""Polythene Pam""She Came In Through the Bathroom Window""Golden Slumbers""Carry That Weight""The End""Her Majesty" Non-album single "The Ballad of John and Yoko""Old Brown Shoe" Outtakes "All Things Must Pass""Come and Get It""Ain't She Sweet" Related articles The Beatles albums discographyBreak-up of the BeatlesAbbey Road, LondonMcLemore AvenueThe Other Side of Abbey RoadThe Abbey Road E.P. The Beatles albums:Please Please MeWith the BeatlesA Hard Day's NightBeatles for SaleHelp!Rubber SoulRevolverSgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club BandMagical Mystery TourThe BeatlesYellow SubmarineAbbey RoadLet It Be vte Let It Be 1970 filmLet It Be... NakedSpecial EditionThe Beatles: Get Back Songs Side one "Two of Us""Dig a Pony""Across the Universe""I Me Mine""Dig It""Let It Be""Maggie Mae" Side two "I've Got a Feeling""One After 909""The Long and Winding Road""For You Blue""Get Back" B-sides "Don't Let Me Down""You Know My Name (Look Up the Number)" Outtakes "All Things Must Pass""Another Day""The Back Seat of My Car""Every Night""Gimme Some Truth""Hear Me Lord""Let It Down""Madman""The Palace of the King of the Birds""Suzy Parker""Teddy Boy""Watching Rainbows" Related articles The Beatles albums discographyRooftop concertBreak-up of the BeatlesLet It Be (Laibach album)Kum BackLet It Be (musical) The Beatles albums:Please Please MeWith the BeatlesA Hard Day's NightBeatles for SaleHelp!Rubber SoulRevolverSgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club BandMagical Mystery TourThe BeatlesYellow SubmarineAbbey RoadLet It Be Awards for the Beatles vte Academy Award for Best Original Score 1930s Louis Silvers (1934)Max Steiner (1935)Leo F. Forbstein (1936)Charles Previn (1937)Erich Wolfgang Korngold / Alfred Newman (1938)Herbert Stothart / Richard Hageman, W. Franke Harling, John Leipold and Leo Shuken (1939) 1940s Leigh Harline, Paul J. Smith and Ned Washington / Alfred Newman (1940)Bernard Herrmann / Frank Churchill and Oliver Wallace (1941)Max Steiner / Ray Heindorf and Heinz Roemheld (1942)Alfred Newman / Ray Heindorf (1943)Max Steiner / Morris Stoloff and Carmen Dragon (1944)Miklos Rozsa / Georgie Stoll (1945)Hugo Friedhofer / Morris Stoloff (1946)Miklos Rozsa / Alfred Newman (1947)Brian Easdale / Johnny Green and Roger Edens (1948)Aaron Copland / Roger Edens and Lennie Hayton (1949) 1950s Franz Waxman / Adolph Deutsch and Roger Edens (1950)Franz Waxman / Johnny Green and Saul Chaplin (1951)Dimitri Tiomkin / Alfred Newman (1952)Bronislau Kaper / Alfred Newman (1953)Dimitri Tiomkin / Adolph Deutsch and Saul Chaplin (1954)Alfred Newman / Robert Russell Bennett, Jay Blackton and Adolph Deutsch (1955)Victor Young / Alfred Newman and Ken Darby (1956)Malcolm Arnold (1957)Dimitri Tiomkin / Andre Previn (1958)Miklos Rozsa / Andre Previn and Ken Darby (1959) 1960s Ernest Gold / Morris Stoloff and Harry Sukman (1960)Henry Mancini / Saul Chaplin, Johnny Green, Sid Ramin and Irwin Kostal (1961)Maurice Jarre / Ray Heindorf (1962)John Addison / Andre Previn (1963)Richard M. Sherman and Robert B. Sherman / Andre Previn (1964)Maurice Jarre / Irwin Kostal (1965)John Barry / Ken Thorne (1966)Elmer Bernstein / Alfred Newman and Ken Darby (1967)John Barry / Johnny Green (1968)Burt Bacharach / Lennie Hayton and Lionel Newman (1969) 1970s Francis Lai / The Beatles (John Lennon, Paul McCartney, George Harrison and Ringo Starr) (1970)Michel Legrand / John Williams (1971)Charlie Chaplin, Raymond Rasch and Larry Russell / Ralph Burns (1972)Marvin Hamlisch / Marvin Hamlisch (1973)Nino Rota and Carmine Coppola / Nelson Riddle (1974)John Williams / Leonard Rosenman (1975)Jerry Goldsmith / Leonard Rosenman (1976)John Williams / Jonathan Tunick (1977)Giorgio Moroder / Joe Renzetti (1978)Georges Delerue / Ralph Burns (1979) 1980s Michael Gore (1980)Vangelis (1981)John Williams / Henry Mancini and Leslie Bricusse (1982)Bill Conti / Michel Legrand, Alan and Marilyn Bergman (1983)Maurice Jarre / Prince (1984)John Barry (1985)Herbie Hancock (1986)Ryuichi Sakamoto, David Byrne and Cong Su (1987)Dave Grusin (1988)Alan Menken (1989) 1990s John Barry (1990)Alan Menken (1991)Alan Menken (1992)John Williams (1993)Hans Zimmer (1994)Luis Bacalov / Alan Menken and Stephen Schwartz (1995)Gabriel Yared / Rachel Portman (1996)James Horner / Anne Dudley (1997)Nicola Piovani / Stephen Warbeck (1998)John Corigliano (1999) 2000s Tan Dun (2000)Howard Shore (2001)Elliot Goldenthal (2002)Howard Shore (2003)Jan A. P. Kaczmarek (2004)Gustavo Santaolalla (2005)Gustavo Santaolalla (2006)Dario Marianelli (2007)A. R. Rahman (2008)Michael Giacchino (2009) 2010s Trent Reznor and Atticus Ross (2010)Ludovic Bource (2011)Mychael Danna (2012)Steven Price (2013)Alexandre Desplat (2014)Ennio Morricone (2015)Justin Hurwitz (2016)Alexandre Desplat (2017)Ludwig Göransson (2018)Hildur Guðnadóttir (2019) 2020s Trent Reznor, Atticus Ross and Jon Batiste (2020)Hans Zimmer (2021)Volker Bertelmann (2022)Ludwig Göransson (2023) vte Best-selling singles by year in the United Kingdom 1950s 1952: "Here in My Heart" – Al Martino1953: "I Believe" – Frankie Laine1954: "Secret Love" – Doris Day1955: "Rose Marie" – Slim Whitman1956: "I'll Be Home" – Pat Boone1957: "Diana" – Paul Anka1958: "Jailhouse Rock" – Elvis Presley1959: "Living Doll" – Cliff Richard (UK) 1960s 1960: "It's Now or Never" – Elvis Presley1961: "Wooden Heart" – Elvis Presley1962: "I Remember You" – Frank Ifield (UK)1963: "She Loves You" – The Beatles (UK)1964: "Can't Buy Me Love" – The Beatles (UK)1965: "Tears" – Ken Dodd (UK)1966: "Green, Green Grass of Home" – Tom Jones (UK)1967: "Release Me" – Engelbert Humperdinck (UK)1968: "Hey Jude" – The Beatles (UK)1969: "Sugar, Sugar" – The Archies 1970s 1970: "The Wonder of You" – Elvis Presley / "In the Summertime" – Mungo Jerry (UK)1971: "My Sweet Lord" – George Harrison (UK)1972: "Amazing Grace" – Royal Scots Dragoon Guards (UK)1973: "Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree" – Dawn featuring Tony Orlando1974: "Tiger Feet" – Mud (UK)1975: "Bye Bye Baby" – Bay City Rollers (UK)1976: "Save Your Kisses for Me" – Brotherhood of Man (UK)1977: "Mull of Kintyre" / "Girls' School" – Wings (UK)1978: "Rivers of Babylon" / "Brown Girl in the Ring" – Boney M.1979: "Bright Eyes" – Art Garfunkel 1980s 1980: "Don't Stand So Close to Me" – The Police (UK)1981: "Tainted Love" – Soft Cell (UK) / "Don't You Want Me" – The Human League (UK)1982: "Come On Eileen" – Dexys Midnight Runners (UK)1983: "Karma Chameleon" – Culture Club (UK)1984: "Do They Know It's Christmas?" – Band Aid (UK)1985: "The Power of Love" – Jennifer Rush1986: "Don't Leave Me This Way" – The Communards (UK)1987: "Never Gonna Give You Up" – Rick Astley (UK)1988: "Mistletoe and Wine" – Cliff Richard (UK)1989: "Ride on Time" – Black Box 1990s 1990: "Unchained Melody" – The Righteous Brothers1991: "(Everything I Do) I Do It for You" – Bryan Adams1992: "I Will Always Love You" – Whitney Houston1993: "I'd Do Anything for Love (But I Won't Do That)" – Meat Loaf1994: "Love Is All Around" – Wet Wet Wet (UK)1995: "Unchained Melody" – Robson & Jerome (UK)1996: "Killing Me Softly" – Fugees1997: "Something About the Way You Look Tonight" / "Candle in the Wind 1997" – Elton John (UK)1998: "Believe" – Cher1999: "...Baby One More Time" – Britney Spears 2000s 2000: "Can We Fix It?" – Bob the Builder (UK)2001: "It Wasn't Me" – Shaggy featuring Rikrok (UK)2002: "Anything Is Possible" / "Evergreen" – Will Young (UK)2003: "Where Is the Love?" – Black Eyed Peas2004: "Do They Know It's Christmas?" – Band Aid 20 (UK)2005: "(Is This the Way to) Amarillo" – Tony Christie featuring Peter Kay (UK)2006: "Crazy" – Gnarls Barkley2007: "Bleeding Love" – Leona Lewis (UK)2008: "Hallelujah" – Alexandra Burke (UK)2009: "Poker Face" – Lady Gaga 2010s 2010: "Love the Way You Lie" – Eminem featuring Rihanna2011: "Someone like You" – Adele (UK)2012: "Somebody That I Used to Know" – Gotye featuring Kimbra2013: "Blurred Lines" – Robin Thicke featuring T.I. & Pharrell Williams2014: "Happy" – Pharrell Williams2015: "Uptown Funk" – Mark Ronson (UK) featuring Bruno Mars2016: "One Dance" – Drake featuring Wizkid and Kyla (UK)2017: "Shape of You" – Ed Sheeran (UK)2018: "One Kiss" – Calvin Harris and Dua Lipa (UK)2019: "Someone You Loved" – Lewis Capaldi (UK) 2020s 2020: "Blinding Lights" – The Weeknd2021: "Bad Habits" – Ed Sheeran (UK)2022: "As It Was" – Harry Styles (UK)2023: "Flowers" – Miley Cyrus2024: "Stick Season" - Noah Kahan vte Billboard Year-End number one albums 1956–1975 1956: Calypso – Harry Belafonte1957: Music from My Fair Lady – Original Cast1958: Music from My Fair Lady – Original Cast1959: The Music from Peter Gunn – Henry Mancini1960: Music from The Sound of Music – Original Cast1961: Camelot – Original Cast1962: West Side Story – Soundtrack1963: West Side Story – Soundtrack1964: Music from Hello, Dolly! – Original Cast1965: Mary Poppins: Original Cast Soundtrack – Soundtrack1966: Whipped Cream & Other Delights – Herb Alpert & the Tijuana Brass1967: More of the Monkees – The Monkees1968: Are You Experienced – The Jimi Hendrix Experience1969: In-A-Gadda-Da-Vida – Iron Butterfly1970: Bridge over Troubled Water – Simon & Garfunkel1971: Jesus Christ Superstar – Soundtrack1972: Harvest – Neil Young1973: The World Is a Ghetto – War1974: Goodbye Yellow Brick Road – Elton John1975: Greatest Hits – Elton John 1976–2000 1976: Frampton Comes Alive! – Peter Frampton1977: Rumours – Fleetwood Mac1978: Saturday Night Fever – Soundtrack1979: 52nd Street – Billy Joel1980: The Wall – Pink Floyd1981: Hi Infidelity – REO Speedwagon1982: Asia – Asia1983: Thriller – Michael Jackson1984: Thriller – Michael Jackson1985: Born in the U.S.A. – Bruce Springsteen1986: Whitney Houston – Whitney Houston1987: Slippery When Wet – Bon Jovi1988: Faith – George Michael1989: Don't Be Cruel – Bobby Brown1990: Janet Jackson's Rhythm Nation 1814 – Janet Jackson1991: Mariah Carey – Mariah Carey1992: Ropin' the Wind – Garth Brooks1993: The Bodyguard – Soundtrack1994: The Sign – Ace of Base1995: Cracked Rear View – Hootie & the Blowfish1996: Jagged Little Pill – Alanis Morissette1997: Spice – Spice Girls1998: Titanic: Music from the Motion Picture – James Horner1999: Millennium – Backstreet Boys2000: No Strings Attached – NSYNC 2001–present 2001: 1 – The Beatles2002: The Eminem Show – Eminem2003: Get Rich or Die Tryin' – 50 Cent2004: Confessions – Usher2005: The Massacre – 50 Cent2006: Some Hearts – Carrie Underwood2007: Daughtry – Daughtry2008: As I Am – Alicia Keys2009: Fearless – Taylor Swift2010: I Dreamed a Dream – Susan Boyle2011: 21 – Adele2012: 21 – Adele2013: The 20/20 Experience – Justin Timberlake2014: Frozen – Soundtrack2015: 1989 – Taylor Swift2016: 25 – Adele2017: Damn – Kendrick Lamar2018: Reputation – Taylor Swift2019: When We All Fall Asleep, Where Do We Go? – Billie Eilish2020: Hollywood's Bleeding – Post Malone2021: Dangerous: The Double Album – Morgan Wallen2022: Un Verano Sin Ti – Bad Bunny2023: One Thing at a Time – Morgan Wallen2024: The Tortured Poets Department – Taylor Swift vte Brit Award for British Album of the Year 1977–2000 Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band – The Beatles (1977)Kings of the Wild Frontier – Adam and the Ants (1982)Memories – Barbra Streisand (1983)Thriller – Michael Jackson (1984)Diamond Life – Sade (1985)No Jacket Required – Phil Collins (1986)Brothers in Arms – Dire Straits (1987)...Nothing Like the Sun – Sting (1988)The First of a Million Kisses – Fairground Attraction (1989)The Raw and the Cooked – Fine Young Cannibals (1990)Listen Without Prejudice Vol. 1 – George Michael (1991)Seal – Seal (1992)Diva – Annie Lennox (1993)Connected – Stereo MC's (1994)Parklife – Blur (1995)(What's the Story) Morning Glory? – Oasis (1996)Everything Must Go – Manic Street Preachers (1997)Urban Hymns – The Verve (1998)This Is My Truth Tell Me Yours – Manic Street Preachers (1999)The Man Who – Travis (2000) 2001–present Parachutes – Coldplay (2001)No Angel – Dido (2002)A Rush of Blood to the Head – Coldplay (2003)Permission to Land – The Darkness (2004)Hopes and Fears – Keane (2005)X&Y – Coldplay (2006)Whatever People Say I Am, That's What I'm Not – Arctic Monkeys (2007)Favourite Worst Nightmare – Arctic Monkeys (2008)Rockferry – Duffy (2009)Lungs – Florence and the Machine (2010)Sigh No More – Mumford & Sons (2011)21 – Adele (2012)Our Version of Events – Emeli Sandé (2013)AM – Arctic Monkeys (2014)x – Ed Sheeran (2015)25 – Adele (2016)Blackstar – David Bowie (2017)Gang Signs & Prayer – Stormzy (2018)A Brief Inquiry into Online Relationships – The 1975 (2019)Psychodrama – Dave (2020)Future Nostalgia – Dua Lipa (2021)30 – Adele (2022)Harry's House – Harry Styles (2023)My 21st Century Blues – Raye (2024) vte Brit Award for British Group The Beatles (1977)The Police (1982)Dire Straits (1983)Culture Club (1984)Wham! (1985)Dire Straits (1986)Five Star (1987)Pet Shop Boys (1988)Erasure (1989)Fine Young Cannibals (1990)The Cure (1991)The KLF and Simply Red (1992)Simply Red (1993)Stereo MC's (1994)Blur (1995)Oasis (1996)Manic Street Preachers (1997)The Verve (1998)Manic Street Preachers (1999)Travis (2000)Coldplay (2001)Travis (2002)Coldplay (2003)The Darkness (2004)Franz Ferdinand (2005)Kaiser Chiefs (2006)Arctic Monkeys (2007)Arctic Monkeys (2008)Elbow (2009)Kasabian (2010)Take That (2011)Coldplay (2012)Mumford & Sons (2013)Arctic Monkeys (2014)Royal Blood (2015)Coldplay (2016)The 1975 (2017)Gorillaz (2018)The 1975 (2019)Foals (2020)Little Mix (2021)Wolf Alice (2022)Wet Leg (2023)Jungle (2024) vte Grammy Award for Album of the Year 1950s The Music from Peter Gunn – Henry Mancini (1958)Come Dance with Me! – Frank Sinatra (1959) 1960s The Button-Down Mind of Bob Newhart – Bob Newhart (1960)Judy at Carnegie Hall – Judy Garland (1961)The First Family – Vaughn Meader (1962)The Barbra Streisand Album – Barbra Streisand (1963)Getz/Gilberto – Stan Getz & João Gilberto (1964)September of My Years – Frank Sinatra (1965)A Man and His Music – Frank Sinatra (1966)Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band – The Beatles (1967)By the Time I Get to Phoenix – Glen Campbell (1968)Blood, Sweat & Tears – Blood, Sweat & Tears (1969) 1970s Bridge over Troubled Water – Simon & Garfunkel (1970)Tapestry – Carole King (1971)The Concert for Bangladesh – George Harrison & Friends (1972)Innervisions – Stevie Wonder (1973)Fulfillingness' First Finale – Stevie Wonder (1974)Still Crazy After All These Years – Paul Simon (1975)Songs in the Key of Life – Stevie Wonder (1976)Rumours – Fleetwood Mac (1977)Saturday Night Fever – Various Artists (1978)52nd Street – Billy Joel (1979) 1980s Christopher Cross – Christopher Cross (1980)Double Fantasy – John Lennon & Yoko Ono (1981)Toto IV – Toto (1982)Thriller – Michael Jackson (1983)Can't Slow Down – Lionel Richie (1984)No Jacket Required – Phil Collins (1985)Graceland – Paul Simon (1986)The Joshua Tree – U2 (1987)Faith – George Michael (1988)Nick of Time – Bonnie Raitt (1989) 1990s Back on the Block – Quincy Jones and Various Artists (1990)Unforgettable... with Love – Natalie Cole (1991)Unplugged – Eric Clapton (1992)The Bodyguard – Whitney Houston (1993)MTV Unplugged – Tony Bennett (1994)Jagged Little Pill – Alanis Morissette (1995)Falling into You – Celine Dion (1996)Time Out of Mind – Bob Dylan (1997)The Miseducation of Lauryn Hill – Lauryn Hill (1998)Supernatural – Santana (1999) 2000s Two Against Nature – Steely Dan (2000)O Brother, Where Art Thou? – Various Artists (2001)Come Away with Me – Norah Jones (2002)Speakerboxxx/The Love Below – Outkast (2003)Genius Loves Company – Ray Charles & Various Artists (2004)How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb – U2 (2005)Taking the Long Way – Dixie Chicks (2006)River: The Joni Letters – Herbie Hancock (2007)Raising Sand – Robert Plant & Alison Krauss (2008)Fearless – Taylor Swift (2009) 2010s The Suburbs – Arcade Fire (2010)21 – Adele (2011)Babel – Mumford & Sons (2012)Random Access Memories – Daft Punk (2013)Morning Phase – Beck (2014)1989 – Taylor Swift (2015)25 – Adele (2016)24K Magic – Bruno Mars (2017)Golden Hour – Kacey Musgraves (2018)When We All Fall Asleep, Where Do We Go? – Billie Eilish (2019) 2020s Folklore – Taylor Swift (2020)We Are – Jon Batiste (2021) Harry's House – Harry Styles (2022)Midnights – Taylor Swift (2023) vte Grammy Award for Best New Artist 1950s No Award (1958)Bobby Darin (1959) 1960s Bob Newhart (1960)Peter Nero (1961)Robert Goulet (1962)The Swingle Singers (1963)The Beatles (1964)Tom Jones (1965)No Award (1966)Bobbie Gentry (1967)José Feliciano (1968)Crosby, Stills & Nash (1969) 1970s The Carpenters (1970)Carly Simon (1971)America (1972)Bette Midler (1973)Marvin Hamlisch (1974)Natalie Cole (1975)Starland Vocal Band (1976)Debby Boone (1977)A Taste of Honey (1978)Rickie Lee Jones (1979) 1980s Christopher Cross (1980)Sheena Easton (1981)Men at Work (1982)Culture Club (1983)Cyndi Lauper (1984)Sade (1985)Bruce Hornsby & The Range (1986)Jody Watley (1987)Tracy Chapman (1988)Milli Vanilli (1989) 1990s Mariah Carey (1990)Marc Cohn (1991)Arrested Development (1992)Toni Braxton (1993)Sheryl Crow (1994)Hootie & the Blowfish (1995)LeAnn Rimes (1996)Paula Cole (1997)Lauryn Hill (1998)Christina Aguilera (1999) 2000s Shelby Lynne (2000)Alicia Keys (2001)Norah Jones (2002)Evanescence (2003)Maroon 5 (2004)John Legend (2005)Carrie Underwood (2006)Amy Winehouse (2007)Adele (2008)Zac Brown Band (2009) 2010s Esperanza Spalding (2010)Bon Iver (2011)Fun (2012)Macklemore & Ryan Lewis (2013)Sam Smith (2014)Meghan Trainor (2015)Chance the Rapper (2016)Alessia Cara (2017)Dua Lipa (2018)Billie Eilish (2019) 2020s Megan Thee Stallion (2020)Olivia Rodrigo (2021)Samara Joy (2022)Victoria Monét (2023) vte Grammy Award for Best Pop Vocal Album 1960s Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band – The Beatles (1967) 1990s Longing in Their Hearts – Bonnie Raitt (1994)Turbulent Indigo – Joni Mitchell (1995)Falling into You – Celine Dion (1996)Hourglass – James Taylor (1997)Ray of Light – Madonna (1998)Brand New Day – Sting (1999) 2000s Two Against Nature – Steely Dan (2000)Lovers Rock – Sade (2001)Come Away with Me – Norah Jones (2002)Justified – Justin Timberlake (2003)Genius Loves Company – Ray Charles and various artists (2004)Breakaway – Kelly Clarkson (2005)Continuum – John Mayer (2006)Back to Black – Amy Winehouse (2007)Rockferry – Duffy (2008)The E.N.D. – Black Eyed Peas (2009) 2010s The Fame Monster – Lady Gaga (2010)21 – Adele (2011)Stronger – Kelly Clarkson (2012)Unorthodox Jukebox – Bruno Mars (2013)In the Lonely Hour – Sam Smith (2014)1989 – Taylor Swift (2015)25 – Adele (2016)÷ – Ed Sheeran (2017)Sweetener – Ariana Grande (2018)When We All Fall Asleep, Where Do We Go? – Billie Eilish (2019) 2020s Future Nostalgia – Dua Lipa (2020)Sour – Olivia Rodrigo (2021)Harry's House – Harry Styles (2022)Midnights – Taylor Swift (2023) From 1968–1993, the category was discontinued. vte Grammy Award for Best Score Soundtrack for Visual Media 1950s No Award (1958)Anatomy of a Murder – Duke Ellington (1959) 1960s Exodus – Ernest Gold (1960)Breakfast at Tiffany's – Henry Mancini (1961)No Award (1962)Tom Jones – John Addison (1963)Mary Poppins – Richard M. Sherman & Robert B. Sherman (1964)The Sandpiper – Johnny Mandel (1965)Doctor Zhivago – Maurice Jarre (1966)Music from Mission: Impossible – Lalo Schifrin (1967)The Graduate – Dave Grusin & Paul Simon (1968)Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid – Burt Bacharach (1969) 1970s Let It Be – The Beatles (John Lennon, Paul McCartney, George Harrison & Ringo Starr) (1970)Shaft – Isaac Hayes (1971)The Godfather – Nino Rota (1972)Jonathan Livingston Seagull – Neil Diamond (1973)The Way We Were: Original Soundtrack Recording – Alan and Marilyn Bergman & Marvin Hamlisch (1974)Jaws – John Williams (1975)Car Wash – Norman Whitfield (1976)Star Wars – John Williams (1977)Close Encounters of the Third Kind – John Williams (1978)Superman – John Williams (1979) 1980s The Empire Strikes Back – John Williams (1980)Raiders of the Lost Ark – John Williams (1981)E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial – John Williams (1982)Flashdance – Michael Boddicker, Irene Cara, Kim Carnes, Doug Cotler, Keith Forsey, Richard Gilbert, Jerry Hey, Duane Hitchings, Craig Krampf, Ronald Magness, Dennis Matkosky, Giorgio Moroder, Phil Ramone, Michael Sembello & Shandi Sinnamon (1983)Purple Rain – Prince and the Revolution (1984)Beverly Hills Cop – Marc Benno, Harold Faltermeyer, Keith Forsey, Micki Free, John Gilutin Hawk, Howard Hewett, Bunny Hull, Howie Rice, Sharon Robinson, Danny Sembello, Sue Sheridan, Richard Theisen & Allee Willis (1985)Out of Africa – John Barry (1986)The Untouchables – Ennio Morricone (1987)The Last Emperor – David Byrne, Cong Su & Ryuichi Sakamoto (1988)The Fabulous Baker Boys – Dave Grusin (1989) 1990s Glory – James Horner (1990)Dances with Wolves – John Barry (1991)Beauty and the Beast – Alan Menken (1992)Aladdin – Alan Menken (1993)Schindler's List – John Williams (1994)Crimson Tide – Hans Zimmer (1995)Independence Day – David Arnold (1996)The English Patient – Gabriel Yared (1997)Saving Private Ryan – John Williams (1998)A Bug's Life – Randy Newman (1999) 2000s American Beauty – Thomas Newman (2000)Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon – Tan Dun (2001)The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring – Howard Shore & John Kurlander (engineer/mixer) (2002)The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers – Howard Shore, John Kurlander (engineer/mixer) & Peter Cobbin (engineer/mixer) (2003)The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King – Howard Shore, John Kurlander (engineer/mixer) & Peter Cobbin (engineer/mixer) (2004)Ray – Craig Armstrong (2005)Memoirs of a Geisha – John Williams (2006)Ratatouille – Michael Giacchino (2007)The Dark Knight – Hans Zimmer & James Newton Howard (2008)Up – Michael Giacchino (2009) 2010s Toy Story 3 – Randy Newman (2010)The King's Speech – Alexandre Desplat (2011)The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo – Trent Reznor & Atticus Ross (2012)Skyfall – Thomas Newman (2013)The Grand Budapest Hotel – Alexandre Desplat (2014)Birdman – Antonio Sánchez (2015)Star Wars: The Force Awakens – John Williams (2016)La La Land – Justin Hurwitz (2017)Black Panther – Ludwig Göransson (2018)Chernobyl – Hildur Guðnadóttir (2019) 2020s Joker – Hildur Guðnadóttir (2020)The Queen's Gambit – Carlos Rafael Rivera / Soul – Jon Batiste, Trent Reznor & Atticus Ross (2021)Encanto – Germaine Franco (2022)Oppenheimer – Ludwig Göransson (2023) vte Grammy Award for Best Music Film 1983–1986 Duran Duran – Duran Duran (1983)Making Michael Jackson's Thriller – Michael Jackson (1984)Huey Lewis & The News: The Heart of Rock 'n Roll – Huey Lewis and the News (1985)Bring On the Night – Sting (1986) Best Performance Music Video (1987−1988) The Prince's Trust All-Star Rock Concert – Various Artists (1987)"Where the Streets Have No Name" – U2 (1988) 1989–2009 Rhythm Nation 1814 – Janet Jackson (1989)Please Hammer, Don't Hurt 'Em: The Movie – MC Hammer (1990)Live! – Blond Ambition World Tour 90 – Madonna (1991)Diva – Annie Lennox (1992)Ten Summoner's Tales – Sting (1993)Zoo TV: Live from Sydney – U2 (1994)Secret World Live – Peter Gabriel (1995)The Beatles Anthology – The Beatles (1996)Jagged Little Pill, Live – Alanis Morissette (1997)American Masters: Lou Reed: Rock & Roll Heart – Lou Reed (1998)Band of Gypsys: Live at Fillmore East – Jimi Hendrix (1999)Gimme Some Truth: The Making of John Lennon's Imagine Album – John Lennon (2000)Recording The Producers: A Musical Romp with Mel Brooks – Mel Brooks (2001)Westway to the World – The Clash (2002)Legend – Sam Cooke (2003)Concert for George – Various Artists (2004)No Direction Home – Bob Dylan (2005)Wings for Wheels: The Making of Born to Run – Bruce Springsteen (2006)The Confessions Tour – Madonna (2007)Runnin' Down a Dream – Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers (2008)The Beatles Love – All Together Now – The Beatles and Cirque du Soleil (2009) 2010–present When You're Strange: A Film About The Doors – The Doors (2010)Back and Forth – Foo Fighters (2011)Big Easy Express – Mumford & Sons, Edward Sharpe & The Magnetic Zeros and Old Crow Medicine Show (2012)Live Kisses – Paul McCartney (2013)20 Feet from Stardom – Darlene Love, Merry Clayton, Lisa Fischer & Judith Hill (2014)Amy – Amy Winehouse (2015)The Beatles: Eight Days a Week - The Touring Years – The Beatles (2016)The Defiant Ones – Various Artists (2017)Quincy – Quincy Jones (2018)Homecoming: A Film by Beyoncé – Beyoncé (2019)Linda Ronstadt: The Sound of My Voice – Linda Ronstadt (2020)Summer of Soul – Various Artists (2021)Jazz Fest: A New Orleans Story – Various Artists (2022)Moonage Daydream – David Bowie (2023) vte Grammy Award for Best Music Video Video of the Year (1981−1982) Elephant Parts – Michael Nesmith (1981)Olivia Physical – Olivia Newton-John (1982) 1983–1986 "Girls on Film" / "Hungry Like the Wolf" – Duran Duran (1983)"Jazzin' for Blue Jean" – David Bowie (1984)"We Are the World" – USA for Africa (1985)"Brothers in Arms" – Dire Straits (1986) Best Concept Music Video (1987−1988) "Land of Confusion" – Genesis (1987)"Fat" – "Weird Al" Yankovic (1988) 1989–2009 "Leave Me Alone" – Michael Jackson (1989)"Opposites Attract" – Paula Abdul (1990)"Losing My Religion" – R.E.M. (1991)"Digging in the Dirt" – Peter Gabriel (1992)"Steam" – Peter Gabriel (1993)"Love Is Strong" – The Rolling Stones (1994)"Scream" – Michael Jackson & Janet Jackson (1995)"Free as a Bird" – The Beatles (1996)"Got 'til It's Gone" – Janet Jackson (1997)"Ray of Light" – Madonna (1998)"Freak on a Leash" – Korn (1999)"Learn to Fly" – Foo Fighters (2000)"Weapon of Choice" – Fatboy Slim featuring Bootsy Collins (2001)"Without Me" - Eminem (2002)"Hurt" – Johnny Cash (2003)"Vertigo" – U2 (2004)"Lose Control" – Missy Elliott featuring Ciara & Fatman Scoop (2005)"Here It Goes Again" – OK Go (2006)"God's Gonna Cut You Down" – Johnny Cash (2007)"Pork and Beans" – Weezer (2008)"Boom Boom Pow" – Black Eyed Peas (2009) 2010–present "Bad Romance" – Lady Gaga (2010)"Rolling in the Deep" – Adele (2011)"We Found Love" – Rihanna featuring Calvin Harris (2012)"Suit & Tie" – Justin Timberlake featuring Jay-Z (2013)"Happy" – Pharrell Williams (2014)"Bad Blood" – Taylor Swift featuring Kendrick Lamar (2015)"Formation" – Beyoncé (2016)"Humble" – Kendrick Lamar (2017)"This Is America" – Childish Gambino (2018)"Old Town Road" – Lil Nas X featuring Billy Ray Cyrus (2019)"Brown Skin Girl" – Beyoncé, Blue Ivy & Wizkid (2020)"Freedom" – Jon Batiste (2021)All Too Well: The Short Film – Taylor Swift (2022)"I'm Only Sleeping" – The Beatles (2023) vte Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award 1963–1990 1963 Bing Crosby1965 Frank Sinatra1966 Duke Ellington1967 Ella Fitzgerald1968 Irving Berlin1971 Elvis Presley1972 Louis ArmstrongMahalia Jackson1984 Chuck BerryCharlie Parker1985 Leonard Bernstein1986 Benny GoodmanThe Rolling StonesAndrés Segovia1987 Roy AcuffBenny CarterEnrico CarusoRay CharlesFats DominoWoody HermanBillie HolidayB.B. KingIsaac SternIgor StravinskyArturo ToscaniniHank Williams1989 Fred AstairePablo CasalsDizzy GillespieJascha HeifetzLena HorneLeontyne PriceBessie SmithArt TatumSarah Vaughan1990 Nat King ColeMiles DavisVladimir HorowitzPaul McCartney 1991–2000 1991 Marian AndersonBob DylanJohn LennonKitty Wells1992 James BrownJohn ColtraneJimi HendrixMuddy Waters1993 Chet AtkinsLittle RichardThelonious MonkBill MonroePete SeegerFats Waller1994 Bill EvansAretha FranklinArthur Rubinstein1995 Patsy ClinePeggy LeeHenry ManciniCurtis MayfieldBarbra Streisand1996 Dave BrubeckMarvin GayeGeorg SoltiStevie Wonder1997 Bobby "Blue" BlandThe Everly BrothersJudy GarlandStéphane GrappelliBuddy HollyCharles MingusOscar PetersonFrank Zappa1998 Bo DiddleyThe Mills BrothersRoy OrbisonPaul Robeson1999 Johnny CashSam CookeOtis ReddingSmokey RobinsonMel Tormé2000 Harry BelafonteWoody GuthrieJohn Lee HookerMitch MillerWillie Nelson 2001–2010 2001 The Beach BoysTony BennettSammy Davis Jr.Bob MarleyThe Who2002 Count BasieRosemary ClooneyPerry ComoAl GreenJoni Mitchell2003 Etta JamesJohnny MathisGlenn MillerTito PuenteSimon & Garfunkel2004 Van CliburnThe Funk BrothersElla JenkinsSonny RollinsArtie ShawDoc Watson2005 Eddy ArnoldArt BlakeyThe Carter FamilyMorton GouldJanis JoplinLed ZeppelinJerry Lee LewisJelly Roll MortonPinetop PerkinsThe Staple Singers2006 David BowieCreamMerle HaggardRobert JohnsonJessye NormanRichard PryorThe Weavers2007 Joan BaezBooker T. & the M.G.'sMaria CallasOrnette ColemanThe DoorsThe Grateful DeadBob Wills2008 Burt BacharachThe BandCab CallowayDoris DayItzhak PerlmanMax RoachEarl Scruggs2009 Gene AutryThe Blind Boys of AlabamaThe Four TopsHank JonesBrenda LeeDean MartinTom Paxton2010 Leonard CohenBobby DarinDavid "Honeyboy" EdwardsMichael JacksonLoretta LynnAndré PrevinClark Terry 2011–2020 2011 Julie AndrewsRoy HaynesJuilliard String QuartetThe Kingston TrioDolly PartonRamonesGeorge Beverly Shea2012 The Allman Brothers BandGlen CampbellAntônio Carlos JobimGeorge JonesThe Memphis HornsDiana RossGil Scott-Heron2013 Glenn GouldCharlie HadenLightnin' HopkinsCarole KingPatti PageRavi ShankarThe Temptations2014 The BeatlesClifton ChenierThe Isley BrothersKraftwerkKris KristoffersonArmando ManzaneroMaud Powell2015 Bee GeesPierre BoulezBuddy GuyGeorge HarrisonFlaco JiménezThe Louvin BrothersWayne Shorter2016 Ruth BrownCelia CruzEarth, Wind & FireHerbie HancockJefferson AirplaneLinda RonstadtRun-DMC2017 Shirley CaesarAhmad JamalCharley PrideJimmie RodgersNina SimoneSly StoneThe Velvet Underground2018 Hal BlaineNeil DiamondEmmylou HarrisLouis JordanThe MetersQueenTina Turner2019 Black SabbathGeorge Clinton and Parliament-FunkadelicBilly EckstineDonny HathawayJulio IglesiasSam & DaveDionne Warwick2020 ChicagoRoberta FlackIsaac HayesIggy PopJohn PrinePublic EnemySister Rosetta Tharpe 2021–present 2021 Grandmaster Flash and the Furious FiveLionel HamptonMarilyn HorneSalt-N-PepaSelenaTalking Heads2022 Bonnie Raitt2023 Bobby McFerrinNirvanaMa RaineySlick RickNile RodgersThe SupremesAnn Wilson and Nancy Wilson2024 Laurie AndersonThe Clark SistersGladys KnightN.W.ADonna SummerTammy Wynette2025 Frankie BeverlyThe ClashBobby JonesTaj MahalPrinceRoxanne ShanteFrankie Valli vte Michael Jackson Video Vanguard Award The Beatles and Richard Lester (1984)David Bowie (1984)David Byrne (1985)Russell Mulcahy (1985)Godley & Creme (1985)Madonna (1986)Zbigniew Rybczyński (1986)Peter Gabriel (1987)Julien Temple (1987)Michael Jackson (1988)George Michael (1989)Janet Jackson (1990)Bon Jovi and Wayne Isham (1991)Guns N' Roses (1992)The Rolling Stones (1994)Tom Petty (1994)R.E.M. (1995)LL Cool J (1997)Mark Romanek (1997)Beastie Boys (1998)Red Hot Chili Peppers (2000)U2 (2001)Duran Duran (2003)Hype Williams (2006)Britney Spears (2011)Justin Timberlake (2013)Beyoncé (2014)Kanye West (2015)Rihanna (2016)Pink (2017)Jennifer Lopez (2018)Missy Elliott (2019)Nicki Minaj (2022)Shakira (2023)Katy Perry (2024) vte Rock and Roll Hall of Fame – Class of 1988 Performers The Beach Boys Al Jardine, Mike Love, Brian Wilson, Carl Wilson, Dennis WilsonThe Beatles George Harrison, John Lennon, Paul McCartney, Ringo StarrThe Drifters Ben E. King, Rudy Lewis, Clyde McPhatter, Johnny Moore, Bill Pinkney, Charlie Thomas, Gerhart ThrasherBob DylanThe Supremes Florence Ballard, Diana Ross, Mary Wilson Early influences Woody GuthrieLead BellyLes Paul Non-performers (Ahmet Ertegun Award) Berry Gordy vte Time 100: The Most Important People of the 20th Century Leaders & revolutionaries David Ben-GurionWinston ChurchillMahatma GandhiMikhail GorbachevAdolf HitlerHo Chi MinhPope John Paul IIRuhollah KhomeiniMartin Luther King Jr.Vladimir LeninNelson MandelaMao ZedongRonald ReaganEleanor RooseveltFranklin D. RooseveltTheodore RooseveltMargaret SangerMargaret ThatcherUnknown Tiananmen Square rebelLech Wałęsa Artists & entertainers Louis ArmstrongLucille BallThe BeatlesMarlon BrandoCoco ChanelCharlie ChaplinLe CorbusierBob DylanT. S. EliotAretha FranklinMartha GrahamJim HensonJames JoycePablo PicassoRichard Rodgers and Oscar HammersteinBart SimpsonFrank SinatraSteven SpielbergIgor StravinskyOprah Winfrey Builders & titans Stephen Bechtel Sr.Leo BurnettWillis CarrierWalt DisneyHenry FordBill GatesAmadeo GianniniRay KrocEstée LauderWilliam LevittLucky LucianoLouis B. MayerCharles E. MerrillAkio MoritaWalter ReutherPete RozelleDavid SarnoffJuan TrippeSam WaltonThomas J. Watson Jr. Scientists & thinkers Leo BaekelandTim Berners-LeeRachel CarsonAlbert EinsteinPhilo FarnsworthEnrico FermiAlexander FlemingSigmund FreudRobert H. GoddardKurt GödelEdwin HubbleJohn Maynard KeynesLeakey familyJean PiagetJonas SalkWilliam ShockleyAlan TuringFrancis Crick & James WatsonLudwig WittgensteinWright brothers Heroes & icons Muhammad AliThe American G.I.Lady Diana SpencerAnne FrankBilly GrahamChe GuevaraEdmund Hillary & Tenzing NorgayHelen KellerKennedy familyBruce LeeCharles LindberghHarvey MilkMarilyn MonroeEmmeline PankhurstRosa ParksPeléJackie RobinsonAndrei SakharovMother TeresaBill W. Portals: 1960s flag England Music icon Pop music Rock music

• Condition: Ungraded
• Features: Beatles
• Creature/Monster Type: Beatles
• Set: Beatles
• Autograph Format: Beatles
• Age Level: 6+
• Illustrator: Beatles
• Vintage: Yes
• Professional Grader: Beatles
• Country/Region of Manufacture: United Kingdom
• Material: Metal
• Rarity: Unknown
• HP: Beatles
• Attack/Power: Beatles
• Year Manufactured: 2000
• Grade: Authentic
• Card Size: None
• Language: English
• Character: Beatles
• Game: Beatles
• Attribute/MTG:Colour: Gold
• Manufacturer: Beatles
• Card Number: Beatles
• Speciality: Beatles
• Autographed: No
• Finish: Regular
• Signed By: No one
• Autograph Authentication Number: Beatles
• Cost: Beatles
• Stage: Beatles
• Convention/Event: Beatles
• Card Condition: Near Mint or Better
• Card Name: Beatles
• Card Type: Beatles
• Autograph Authentication: Upper Deck
• Graded: No
• Defence/Toughness: Beatles

• THE BEATLES 23k GOLD TRADING CARD FOR SALE ALBUM COVER LP 60s Retro Liverpool UK

  £14.99 Buy It Now 16d 23h

• Yugioh Exodia the Forbidden One Limited Edition Gold Card

  £12.95 Buy It Now 27d 17h

• ☆ RA03-EN128 Vampire Lord Quarter Century Secret Rare 1st YuGiOh ☆

  £6.45 Buy It Now 22d 13h

• MTG Westvale Abbey / Ormendahl - THICK CARD - secret lair...not tournament legal

  £5.91 Buy It Now 3d 13h

• Painful Quandary Extended Art, MTG Single, The Brothers’ War 331 Rare Near Mint

  £5.00 Buy It Now 11d 19h

• DONALD Trump Fight GOLD Card Case US President Americana Assassination MAGA Coin

  £5.99 0 Bids 5d 0h